The study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool for determining the recreational flow experience. For this purpose, an item pool consisting of 18 items was created. In line with expert opinions, items that were not suitable for the structure of the scale were removed from the scale. The 12-item form was first applied to 542 people (336 males and 206 females; age =23.39±3.44), who were selected by purposeful sampling method, in order to determine the scale structure and to create the items. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out with the data obtained through the SPSS 23.0 package program. As a result of the analysis, a single factor with 9 items was determined that explained 53.986% of the total variance. Then, in order to verify the validity of the scale, a questionnaire study was applied to a new group with a total of 150 people ( age =30.09±8.69), 108 men and 42 women. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using the data obtained with the AMOS 23.0 package program. It was determined that the result of confirmatory factor analysis fit the model data well. When the results obtained in the evaluation of the measurement model were evaluated as a whole, the Recreational Flow Experience Scale (RFES) consisting of 9 items and a single factor was defined with sufficient validity and reliability. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications for the research were discussed. ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet Bu çalışmanın amacı rekreasyonel akış deneyiminin belirlenmesine ilişkin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı geliştirmektir. Bu amaçla 18 maddeden oluşan, bir madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda ölçeğin yapısına uygun olmayan maddeler ölçekten çıkarılmıştır. Oluşturulan 12 maddelik formun ilk olarak ölçek yapısının belirlenmesi ve maddelerin oluşturulması amacıyla amaçsal örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 336 erkek, 206 kadın toplam 542 kişi ( yaş=23.39±3.44) üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerle SPSS 23.0 paket programı aracılığıyla açımlayıcı faktör analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda, toplam varyansın %53.986'sını açıklayan 9 maddeli tek faktör belirlenmiştir. Ardından ölçek geçerliliğin doğrulanması amacıyla 108 erkek, 42 kadın olmak üzere toplam 150 kişinin ( yaş=30.09±8.69) katılım sağladığı yeni bir gruba anket çalışması uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerle AMOS 23.0 paket programı aracılığıyla doğrulayıcı faktör analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. DFA sonucu model veriye iyi uyum sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Ölçüm modelinin değerlendirilmesinde elde edilen bulgular bir bütün halinde değerlendirildiğinde 9 madde ve tek faktörden oluşan Rekreasyonel Akış Deneyimi Ölçeği (RADÖ) yeterli geçerlik ve güvenirlik ile tanımlanmıştır. Son olarak araştırmaya ilişkin teorik ve pratik çıkarımlar tartışılmıştır.

The aim of this research was to determine the factors that may prevent high school students from participating in recreational activities and to investigate whether these factors differ within the scope of various variables. This study consisted of 1459 (681 women and 778 men) student volunteers who are educated to high school level. The easy sampling method was preferred in the present study. The face-to-face survey method was used to collect the data. The “Leisure Constraints Scale” developed by Alexandris and Carroll (1997) and adapted to Turkish by Gürbüz, Öncü, and Emir (2012) was used to determine the factors that might prevent individuals from participating in leisure activities. The data obtained for the research were first transferred to a computer and then analyzed by the SPSS program. The error margin level in the study was taken as p < 0.05. The Cronbach alpha of the study was found to be 0.91. As a result, it was found that women participated in leisure activities more than men. It was also observed that the participants met with more leisure constraints in Turkey’s eastern regions.

With technological advancements reducing workload, individuals have increasingly sought to spend their leisure time more efficiently and meaningfully. This trend has fostered a growing positive attitude toward recreational activities. Individuals who approach recreational events with a positive mindset are more likely to experience a state of flow during these activities. The flow experience contributes to individuals' physical, mental, and social well-being by generating positive outcomes. In this context, the study examines the relationship between leisure attitude and happiness among participants in nature sports, with flow experience identified as a mediating variable in this relationship. The research was conducted using a correlational survey model, involving 246 voluntary participants aged 18–74 (Meanage = 31.15 ± 11.93) selected through purposive sampling method. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, applying Pearson correlation analysis to examine the relationships between variables, and regression analysis based on the Bootstrap method through the PROCESS macro. Hayes’ (2013) PROCESS Macro Model 4 was used to assess the mediating effect. The findings revealed a statistically significant relationship between leisure attitude and happiness, with flow experience serving as a mediator in this relationship. These results indicate that individuals' attitudes toward leisure activities significantly influence their happiness and that the flow experience enhances this effect.

This study aimed to examine the mediating effect of social media addiction on the relationship between leisure boredom and loneliness. A total of 330 high school students in Istanbul, 212 male (64.2%) and 118 female (35.8%), participated in the study voluntarily. In the study, the "Leisure Boredom Scale" developed by Iso-Ahola and Weissinger (1990) to measure participants' perceptions of boredom in their leisure, the "UCLA Loneliness Scale" developed by Peplau and Cutrona (1980) to measure loneliness level, and the "Social Media Addiction scale for Adolescents" developed by Eijnden, Lemmens and Valkenburg (2016) to measure the social media addiction level, were used as data collection tools. The convenience sampling method, which is one of the random sampling methods, was used in the sample selection and the face-to-face survey technique was preferred. In the analysis of the obtained data, descriptive statistics via the SPSS package program, Pearson Correlation, and regression analysis of the indirect impact approach based on the Bootstrap method via PROCESS v3.5 macro were performed. As a result, it was observed that leisure boredom had statistically significant effects on social media addiction and loneliness, and social media addiction on loneliness. Besides, regarding the main aim of the research, it was determined that social media addiction had a mediating effect on the relationship between leisure boredom and loneliness. ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet Bu çalışmanın amacı serbest zamanda sıkılma algısı ile yalnızlık arasındaki ilişkide sosyal medya bağımlılığının aracı etkisinin incelenmesidir. Araştırma grubunu İstanbul’da lise düzeyinde öğrenim gören gönüllü olarak katılım sağlayan 212 erkek (%64,2), ve 118 kadın (%35,8) olmak üzere toplam 330 kişi oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada katılımcıların serbest zamanlarında sıkılma algılarını ölçmek amacıyla Iso-Ahola ve Weissinger (1990) tarafından geliştirilen Boş Zaman Can Sıkıntısı Ölçeği, yalnızlık düzeyini ölçmek amacıyla Peplau and Cutrona (1980) tarafından geliştirilen UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği ve sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeylerini ölçmek amacıyla Eijnden, Lemmens ve Valkenburg (2016) tarafından geliştirilen Ergenler İçin Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Örneklem seçiminde tesadüfi örneklem yöntemlerinden olan kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmış ve yüz yüze anket tekniği tercih edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde SPSS paket programı aracılığıyla tanımlayıcı istatistikler, Pearson Correlation ve PROCESS v3.5 makro aracılığıyla Bootstrap yöntemini temel alan dolaylı etki yaklaşımına ilişkin regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, serbest zamanda sıkılma algısının sosyal medya bağımlılığı üzerinde, serbest zamanda sıkılma algısının yalnızlık üzerinde, sosyal medya bağımlılığının yalnızlık üzerinde istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı etkilerinin olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca, araştırmanın temel amacına ilişkin olarak serbest zamanda sıkılma algısı ile yalnızlık arasındaki ilişkide sosyal medya bağımlılığının aracılık etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Purpose: This study examined how the level of involvement influences the re-participation intentions of recreational tennis players.Method: To measure the participants’ leisure involvement levels; the leisure involvement scale, developed by Kyle et al. (2007) and adapted to the Turkish language by Gürbüz et al. (2018) was used. The behavioral intentions scale developed by Zeithaml et al. (1996) was used to measure participants’ re-participation intentions. The research group consists of a total of 327 volunteer individuals, 172 males (52.6%) and 155 females (47.4%), selected by convenience sampling method among individuals who play tennis for recreational purposes. The normality test of the data obtained was tested by checking the skewness-kurtosis values and it was determined that the data showed normal distribution. In this context, in addition to descriptive statistics, Hierarchical-Non-Hierarchical Clustering Analysis, and Univariate analyses were used in the analysis of the data.Results: According to the research findings, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the re-participation intentions of the participants who played tennis for recreational purposes according to their involvement levels.Conclusion: It was observed that participants with high involvement levels had higher re-participation intentions than those with low involvement.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effect of leisure benefits on happiness. Method: In the study, the “Leisure Benefit Scale” developed by Ho (2008) and adapted in Turkish by Akgül, Karakucuk and Ertüzün (2018) was used to measure the recreational benefit perceptions of the participants. In addition, the “Oxford Happiness Scale”, developed by Hills and Argyle (2002) and adapted into Turkish by Doğan and Akıncı Çötok (2011). Convenience sampling in the selection of the sample and face-to-face survey method was preferred in the collection of data. The analysis of the data was performed through the SPSS program, and descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation, and Regression analyzes were used. Findings: The research group consisted of 1342 university students, 739 males (55.1%) and 603 females (44.9%), between the ages of 18-25 (21.07±2.24) studying in sports sciences faculties across Turkey. When the results of the analysis were examined, a positive relationship was determined between the leisure benefit perceptions of the participants and their happiness levels. Besides, it was observed that the perception of leisure benefits had a positive effect on happiness. Conclusions: Accordingly, a positive change was detected in happiness levels as the level of benefit perceived by the participants from recreational activities increased.