Objetive: this article analyzes the possible future of Peruvian microenterprises for the year 2030 for their insertion into the Industrial 4.0. Methods: the research will be based on a mixed, descriptive, prospective, non-experimental, longitudinal approach. The sampling will be based on stratified sampling theories based on criteria, where the sample will be divided into two moments: the first moment will consist of the incorporation of 25 Peruvian micro-companies of the commercial sector that constitute the same business line. Consequently, for the qualitative approach, 5 experts belonging to these organizations will be considered. The Environmental Scanning technique was used for the key variables, the Delphi survey where the validated and prioritized variables were taken into consideration and the Peter Schwats axes were used to identify future process scenarios; and finally, for the construction of the future, the IGO matrix for trend analysis will be used. Results: understanding the current context in which Peruvian microenterprises operate, as well as the variety of future scenarios, was feasible thanks to the prospective technique used to investigate their prospects in 2030. Conclusions: many Peruvian microenterprises face difficulties of low productivity and low competitiveness, which hampers their ability to contribute to the country's economic and social development

Este trabajo presenta las primeras aproximaciones sobre la educación para el emprendimiento (EE) en la intención emprendedora (IE) utilizando una encuesta ex ante y ex post. Para ello se ejecutó un estudio cuantitativo de diseño cuasi-experimental. Los datos se recogieron mediante un instrumento adaptado de Miranda et al. (2017) en una muestra de 71 estudiantes de una universidad peruana. Los resultados indicaron que la EE tuvo impacto en la IE de los estudiantes. Los resultados también indicaron que la EE tuvo impacto en los factores individuales: autoconfianza, actitud emprendedora, creatividad y experiencia previa en emprendimiento y no tuvo impacto en los factores del contexto. Los hallazgos contribuyen a la EE y se concluye que se debe continuar con el estudio de la misma muestra hasta antes que los estudiantes egresen para analizar la evolución de la EE en la IE.

The study provides a detailed analysis of the competitiveness of Peruvian agro-exports, aiming to describe the export development of its four main products. Using a nonexperimental, quantitative, and descriptive approach, the research evaluates the exports of grapes, blueberries, avocados, and asparagus from Peru between 2018 and 2022. Tools such as pivot tables in Excel and data from SUNAT Customs and the International Trade Center were used, focusing on aspects like the number of importing countries, the number of exporting companies, net weight, FOB value, and primarily the Absolute Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (ARCAI). The results show significant growth in grape and blueberry exports, with an increase in volume and value, while asparagus and avocados face challenges in market and exporter diversification. The absolute ARCAI indicates a strong and stable specialization in these products. The conclusions highlight the need for differentiated strategies for each product. Specific recommendations are suggested for institutions such as MINAGRI, PROMPERÚ, ADEX, and INIA, aimed at promoting technology, quality, market diversification, and sustainable practices.

The present study examined the impact of agricultural exports on economic growth in Lambayeque, Peru, during the period 2010–2023. An ordinary least squares (OLS) econometric model was employed to analyze the relationship between gross value added (GVA) and key macroeconomic variables, including agricultural exports, private investment, real wages, terms of trade, and the real multilateral exchange rate. The findings indicate that the model possesses considerable explanatory power (R² = 0.973) and that agricultural exports exert a positive and significant influence on regional GVA. In addition, private investment and real wages demonstrate positive elasticities, while terms of trade exhibit a negative relationship with regional economic growth. This highlights Lambayeque’s vulnerability to external price shocks. The study thus underscores the pivotal role of the Olmos Project, which has been instrumental in transforming arid land into fruitful agricultural zones through the implementation of an irrigation system encompassing over 22,000 hectares. This initiative has not only augmented agricultural exports, accounting for an impressive 90% of Lambayeque’s supply, but also contributed significantly to regional economic development by supporting employment generation and poverty reduction. Nevertheless, the presence of negative terms of trade indicates that the regional economy exhibits structural vulnerability in the face of external shocks. Notwithstanding the intrinsic limitations of regional, trade, and macroeconomic statistics, an understanding of the correlation between agro-exports and economic growth in a paradigmatic region of northern Peru provides substantial evidence for formulating policies to enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of the agro-export model.

This study examines the development, sustainability, and innovation of Peru's exports to the European Union since the commencement of their free trade agreement. The methodology is quantitative, based on export data from 2012 to 2023, primarily sourced from Sunat Customs and commercial intelligence tools. The analysis covers the value of exports, diversification, and competitiveness over the period. The findings reveal a significant growth in Peruvian exports to the European Union, especially to countries like the Netherlands and Spain, while a decrease is noted in Germany and Belgium. There is evidence of an increase in the number of exporting companies, indicating greater diversification and strengthening of the Peruvian export sector. Innovation has been crucial in developing competitive products such as avocados and blueberries. However, the study emphasizes the need to continue focusing on diversification, sustainability, and innovation to maintain and improve Peru's position in the European market. It suggests increased collaboration between governmental entities, the private sector, and research centers to foster adaptation to market demands and participation in trade and promotional fairs.

This study analyzed the export of blueberries from Peru, focusing on the diversification of markets and companies. A quantitative and descriptive methodology was employed. Data was collected from the National Superintendency of Customs and Tax Administration of Peru (SUNAT), and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) was applied to quantify diversification. The findings revealed a significant increase in exports to the United States, United Kingdom, and Netherlands, with a notable rise in China. However, despite growth in the diversity of destinations, there was a concentration in target markets, with an HHI exceeding 3500 by 2023. On the corporate level, companies such as Camposol, Hortifrut-Peru, and Agrovision Peru showed remarkable growth, reflecting increased competitiveness and a decrease in market concentration, evidenced by an HHI below 700 in the same period. The study concludes by recommending expansion into emerging markets, particularly China, integration of sustainable agricultural practices, development of marketing strategies tailored to each market, and implementation of continuous market monitoring. These actions could strengthen Peru's position in the international blueberry market.