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Federica Cheli
CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy

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Short Biography

Federica Cheli is a full professor in animal nutrition and feeding at the Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy. Cheli's research is focused on feed quality and safety evaluation, with a focus on mycotoxin contamination. Cheli is an expert for FAO/WHO on Hazards Associated with Animal Feed and is a member of the CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, and the section editor of Toxins and the Italian Journal of Animal Science.

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Review
Published: 16 August 2021 in Toxins
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Exposure to mycotoxins is a worldwide concern as their occurrence is unavoidable and varies among geographical regions. Mycotoxins can affect the performance and quality of livestock production and act as carriers putting human health at risk. Feed can be contaminated by various fungal species, and mycotoxins co-occurrence, and modified and emerging mycotoxins are at the centre of modern mycotoxin research. Preventing mould and mycotoxin contamination is almost impossible; it is necessary for producers to implement a comprehensive mycotoxin management program to moderate these risks along the animal feed supply chain in an HACCP perspective. The objective of this paper is to suggest an innovative integrated system for handling mycotoxins in the feed chain, with an emphasis on novel strategies for mycotoxin control. Specific and selected technologies, such as nanotechnologies, and management protocols are reported as promising and sustainable options for implementing mycotoxins control, prevention, and management. Further research should be concentrated on methods to determine multi-contaminated samples, and emerging and modified mycotoxins.

ACS Style

Francesca Fumagalli; Matteo Ottoboni; Luciano Pinotti; Federica Cheli. Integrated Mycotoxin Management System in the Feed Supply Chain: Innovative Approaches. Toxins 2021, 13, 572 .

AMA Style

Francesca Fumagalli, Matteo Ottoboni, Luciano Pinotti, Federica Cheli. Integrated Mycotoxin Management System in the Feed Supply Chain: Innovative Approaches. Toxins. 2021; 13 (8):572.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesca Fumagalli; Matteo Ottoboni; Luciano Pinotti; Federica Cheli. 2021. "Integrated Mycotoxin Management System in the Feed Supply Chain: Innovative Approaches." Toxins 13, no. 8: 572.

Chapter
Published: 20 April 2021 in Cereal-Based Foodstuffs: The Backbone of Mediterranean Cuisine
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Cereals are still by far the world’s most important source of food, both for direct human consumption and indirectly, as inputs to livestock production. Cereals, vegetables, and citrus fruits account for over 85% of the Mediterranean’s total agricultural production. Cereals undergo several and different primary and secondary processing procedures. As a result, highly processed final products from cereals are used in cuisine for human nutrition. Cereal contamination has an important impact on human health. The European Union has established the most comprehensive regulations for the safety of cereal and cereal derived products to protect consumer health and facilitate world trade. This paper reviews the existing European Union legislation associated with cereal safety, with a focus on mycotoxin, heavy metal and pesticide contamination. A synoptic presentation of the main legal acts related to cereal safety is given, and the main points of each law are reported. Moreover, data regarding the occurrence, in the Mediterranean area, of mycotoxins, heavy metals and pesticide residues in cereals are reported.

ACS Style

Federica Cheli; Francesca Fumagalli; Matteo Ottoboni; Luciano Pinotti. Safety of Cereals in the Mediterranean: An Update on EU Legislation. Cereal-Based Foodstuffs: The Backbone of Mediterranean Cuisine 2021, 303 -324.

AMA Style

Federica Cheli, Francesca Fumagalli, Matteo Ottoboni, Luciano Pinotti. Safety of Cereals in the Mediterranean: An Update on EU Legislation. Cereal-Based Foodstuffs: The Backbone of Mediterranean Cuisine. 2021; ():303-324.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federica Cheli; Francesca Fumagalli; Matteo Ottoboni; Luciano Pinotti. 2021. "Safety of Cereals in the Mediterranean: An Update on EU Legislation." Cereal-Based Foodstuffs: The Backbone of Mediterranean Cuisine , no. : 303-324.

Review
Published: 16 February 2021 in Animals
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Concerning the increasing global demand for food and accumulation of huge amounts of biomass waste from the agro-food industry whose manipulation is usually inadequate, the potential of livestock to convert by-products as alternative feed ingredients into valuable proteins has been proposed as an outstanding option. Soybean molasses present a by-product of soybean protein concentrate production with low commercial cost but high nutritive and functional value. It is a rich source of soluble carbohydrates in the form of sugars and soybean phytochemicals. Therefore, this paper provides a review of published works about the production of soybean molasses, chemical composition, and nutritive value. In addition, the possibility of the application of soybean molasses in animal nutrition as a pelleting aid and functional feed ingredient is also discussed. Special attention is devoted to the influence of the inclusion of soybean molasses in the diets for ruminants, non-ruminants, and aquaculture on animal performance and health.

ACS Style

Sladjana Rakita; Vojislav Banjac; Olivera Djuragic; Federica Cheli; Luciano Pinotti. Soybean Molasses in Animal Nutrition. Animals 2021, 11, 514 .

AMA Style

Sladjana Rakita, Vojislav Banjac, Olivera Djuragic, Federica Cheli, Luciano Pinotti. Soybean Molasses in Animal Nutrition. Animals. 2021; 11 (2):514.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sladjana Rakita; Vojislav Banjac; Olivera Djuragic; Federica Cheli; Luciano Pinotti. 2021. "Soybean Molasses in Animal Nutrition." Animals 11, no. 2: 514.

Editorial
Published: 29 July 2020 in Toxins
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ACS Style

Federica Cheli. Mycotoxin Contamination Management Tools and Efficient Strategies in Feed Industry. Toxins 2020, 12, 480 .

AMA Style

Federica Cheli. Mycotoxin Contamination Management Tools and Efficient Strategies in Feed Industry. Toxins. 2020; 12 (8):480.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federica Cheli. 2020. "Mycotoxin Contamination Management Tools and Efficient Strategies in Feed Industry." Toxins 12, no. 8: 480.

Review
Published: 23 June 2020 in Animals
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The world’s population is growing rapidly, which means that the environmental impact of food production needs to be reduced and that food should be considered as something precious and not wasted. Moreover, an urgent challenge facing the planet is the competition between the food produced for humans and the feed for animals. There are various solutions such as the use of plant/vegetable by-products (PBPs) and former foodstuffs, which are the co/by-products of processing industries, or the food losses generated by the food production chain for human consumption. This paper reviews the by-co-products derived from the transformation of fresh-cut leafy salad crops. A preliminary nutritional evaluation of these materials is thus proposed. Based on their composition and nutritional features, in some cases similar to fresh forage and grasses, this biomass seems to be a suitable feedstuff for selected farm animals, such as ruminants. In conclusion, although the present data are not exhaustive and further studies are needed to weigh up the possible advantages and disadvantages of these materials, fresh-cut leafy salad crops represent a potential unconventional feed ingredient that could help in exploiting the circular economy in livestock production, thereby improving sustainability.

ACS Style

Luciano Pinotti; Michele Manoni; Francesca Fumagalli; Nicoletta Rovere; Alice Luciano; Matteo Ottoboni; Luca Ferrari; Federica Cheli; Olivera Djuragic. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle for Food Waste: A Second Life for Fresh-Cut Leafy Salad Crops in Animal Diets. Animals 2020, 10, 1082 .

AMA Style

Luciano Pinotti, Michele Manoni, Francesca Fumagalli, Nicoletta Rovere, Alice Luciano, Matteo Ottoboni, Luca Ferrari, Federica Cheli, Olivera Djuragic. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle for Food Waste: A Second Life for Fresh-Cut Leafy Salad Crops in Animal Diets. Animals. 2020; 10 (6):1082.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luciano Pinotti; Michele Manoni; Francesca Fumagalli; Nicoletta Rovere; Alice Luciano; Matteo Ottoboni; Luca Ferrari; Federica Cheli; Olivera Djuragic. 2020. "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle for Food Waste: A Second Life for Fresh-Cut Leafy Salad Crops in Animal Diets." Animals 10, no. 6: 1082.

Review
Published: 25 October 2019 in Toxins
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Mycotoxins are known worldwide as fungus-produced toxins that adulterate a wide heterogeneity of raw feed ingredients and final products. Consumption of mycotoxins-contaminated feed causes a plethora of harmful responses from acute toxicity to many persistent health disorders with lethal outcomes; such as mycotoxicosis when ingested by animals. Therefore, the main task for feed producers is to minimize the concentration of mycotoxin by applying different strategies aimed at minimizing the risk of mycotoxin effects on animals and human health. Once mycotoxins enter the production chain it is hard to eliminate or inactivate them. This paper examines the most recent findings on different processes and strategies for the reduction of toxicity of mycotoxins in animals. The review gives detailed information about the decontamination approaches to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of feedstuffs and compound feed, which could be implemented in practice.

ACS Style

Radmilo Čolović; Nikola Puvača; Federica Cheli; Giuseppina Avantaggiato; Donato Greco; Olivera Đuragić; Jovana Kos; Luciano Pinotti. Decontamination of Mycotoxin-Contaminated Feedstuffs and Compound Feed. Toxins 2019, 11, 617 .

AMA Style

Radmilo Čolović, Nikola Puvača, Federica Cheli, Giuseppina Avantaggiato, Donato Greco, Olivera Đuragić, Jovana Kos, Luciano Pinotti. Decontamination of Mycotoxin-Contaminated Feedstuffs and Compound Feed. Toxins. 2019; 11 (11):617.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Radmilo Čolović; Nikola Puvača; Federica Cheli; Giuseppina Avantaggiato; Donato Greco; Olivera Đuragić; Jovana Kos; Luciano Pinotti. 2019. "Decontamination of Mycotoxin-Contaminated Feedstuffs and Compound Feed." Toxins 11, no. 11: 617.

Articles
Published: 23 August 2019 in Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
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The use of former food products (FFPs) as alternative feed ingredients in farm animal diets has several benefits. In fact, FFPs are a way of converting losses from the food industry into ingredients for the feed industry. FFPs are produced from packaged food and in general, they are recognised as safe. Packaging materials are not accepted as a feed ingredient according to Regulation (EC) No 767/2009, which imposes a rigorous evaluation of possible residues. A sensitive and objective detection method is therefore essential for an effective risk evaluation. Six FFP samples were subjected to electronic nose analysis. Each sample was assessed under three conditions: as-received, cleaned and experimentally-spiked. Packaging remnants were also quantified using a stereomicroscope. Data were analysed via principal component analysis using SPSS software. Although the stereomicroscopy analysis showed a low content of packaging remnants in as-received samples, the electronic nose was able to differentiate between cleaned, as-received and spiked samples. However, this method was not effective when different FFPs were analysed together. In the view of the limitations of this method, it can be concluded that the electronic nose can be considered an objective and sensitive method for the detection of packaging remnants in FFPs composed of the same matrix.

ACS Style

Marco Tretola; Matteo Ottoboni; Alice Luciano; Vittorio Dell’Orto; Federica Cheli; Luciano Pinotti. Tracing food packaging contamination: an electronic nose applied to leftover food. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2019, 36, 1748 -1756.

AMA Style

Marco Tretola, Matteo Ottoboni, Alice Luciano, Vittorio Dell’Orto, Federica Cheli, Luciano Pinotti. Tracing food packaging contamination: an electronic nose applied to leftover food. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2019; 36 (11):1748-1756.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Tretola; Matteo Ottoboni; Alice Luciano; Vittorio Dell’Orto; Federica Cheli; Luciano Pinotti. 2019. "Tracing food packaging contamination: an electronic nose applied to leftover food." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 36, no. 11: 1748-1756.

Review
Published: 01 February 2019 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Dairy products are one of the most important sources of biologically active proteins and peptides. The health-promoting functions of these peptides are related to their primary structure, which depends on the parent protein composition. A crucial issue in this field is the demonstration of a cause-effect relationship from the ingested protein form to the bioactive form in vivo. Intervention studies represent the gold standard in nutritional research; however, attention has increasingly been focused on the development of sophisticated in vitro models of digestion to elucidate the mechanism of action of dairy nutrients in a mechanistic way and significantly reduce the number of in vivo trials. On the other hand, the epithelial intestinal barrier is the first gate, which actively interacts with digestion metabolites, making the intestinal cells the first target tissue of dairy nutrients and respective metabolites. An evolution of the in vitro digestion approach in the study of dairy proteins and derived bioactive compounds is the setup of combined in vitro digestion and cell culture models taking into consideration the endpoint to measure the target organism (e.g., animal, human) and the key concepts of bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and bioactivity. This review discusses the relevance and challenges of modeling digestion and the intestinal barrier, focusing on the implications for the modeling of dairy protein digestion for bioactivity evaluation.

ACS Style

Carlotta Giromini; Federica Cheli; Raffaella Rebucci; Antonella Baldi. Invited review: Dairy proteins and bioactive peptides: Modeling digestion and the intestinal barrier. Journal of Dairy Science 2019, 102, 929 -942.

AMA Style

Carlotta Giromini, Federica Cheli, Raffaella Rebucci, Antonella Baldi. Invited review: Dairy proteins and bioactive peptides: Modeling digestion and the intestinal barrier. Journal of Dairy Science. 2019; 102 (2):929-942.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlotta Giromini; Federica Cheli; Raffaella Rebucci; Antonella Baldi. 2019. "Invited review: Dairy proteins and bioactive peptides: Modeling digestion and the intestinal barrier." Journal of Dairy Science 102, no. 2: 929-942.

Paper
Published: 20 December 2018 in Italian Journal of Animal Science
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The aim of this work was to characterise some of the most representative Sicilian honeys. Sugars, pH and minerals were determined with conventional analyses. Chestnut honeys showed the lowest sugar content, with a fructose and glucose sum of 62.31 g/100g. Citrus and Eucalyptus honeys showed the highest fructose content (38.08 and 38.04 g/100g), while Citrus and Sulla honeys had the highest sucrose content (3.16 and 3.92 g/100g). The highest fructose to glucose ratio was 1.59, found for Chestnut honeys, which had also the highest pH-value of 4.98. Potassium is the most abundant element in honey and the highest values were found for Chestnut and Eucalyptus honey (4.412 and 1.956 mg/g). Among micro-minerals, Zinc showed the highest concentration, ranging from 4.64 to 7.16 µg/g. Alongside physicochemical analyses, E-tongue and computer vision was used to estimate the organoleptic proprieties of honey. In particular, Pearson’s correlation was used to study the relationship between the electrical E-tongue’ signals, pH and sugars content, which have a major influence on the main taste attributes investigated in honey. Chestnut honeys scored the lowest values for the sweet and sour taste, being the bitterest among the samples evaluated. On the other hand, Sulla and Citrus honeys were the sweetest and the sourest. The colour of honey was examined with machine vision and the weight of the different minerals on the colour parameters was disclosed, resulting in dark colours correlated to sodium and microelements, and in a light colour that showed a negative correlation with potassium and magnesium.

ACS Style

Ambra Rita Di Rosa; Francesco Leone; Federica Cheli; Vincenzo Chiofalo. Novel approach for the characterisation of Sicilian honeys based on the correlation of physico-chemical parameters and artificial senses. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2018, 18, 389 -397.

AMA Style

Ambra Rita Di Rosa, Francesco Leone, Federica Cheli, Vincenzo Chiofalo. Novel approach for the characterisation of Sicilian honeys based on the correlation of physico-chemical parameters and artificial senses. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2018; 18 (1):389-397.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ambra Rita Di Rosa; Francesco Leone; Federica Cheli; Vincenzo Chiofalo. 2018. "Novel approach for the characterisation of Sicilian honeys based on the correlation of physico-chemical parameters and artificial senses." Italian Journal of Animal Science 18, no. 1: 389-397.

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2018 in Toxins
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of an e-nose in combination with lateral flow immunoassays for rapid aflatoxin and fumonisin occurrence/co-occurrence detection in maize samples. For this purpose, 161 samples of corn have been used. Below the regulatory limits, single-contaminated, and co-contaminated samples were classified according to the detection ranges established for commercial lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) for mycotoxin determination. Correspondence between methods was evaluated by discriminant function analysis (DFA) procedures using IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Stepwise variable selection was done to select the e-nose sensors for classifying samples by DFA. The overall leave-out-one cross-validated percentage of samples correctly classified by the eight-variate DFA model for aflatoxin was 81%. The overall leave-out-one cross-validated percentage of samples correctly classified by the seven-variate DFA model for fumonisin was 85%. The overall leave-out-one cross-validated percentage of samples correctly classified by the nine-variate DFA model for the three classes of contamination (below the regulatory limits, single-contaminated, co-contaminated) was 65%. Therefore, even though an exhaustive evaluation will require a larger dataset to perform a validation procedure, an electronic nose (e-nose) seems to be a promising rapid/screening method to detect contamination by aflatoxin, fumonisin, or both in maize kernel stocks.

ACS Style

Matteo Ottoboni; Luciano Pinotti; Marco Tretola; Carlotta Giromini; Eleonora Fusi; Raffaella Rebucci; Maria Grillo; Luca Tassoni; Silvia Foresta; Silvia Gastaldello; Valentina Furlan; Claudio Maran; Vittorio Dell’Orto; Federica Cheli. Combining E-Nose and Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFIAs) for Rapid Occurrence/Co-Occurrence Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Detection in Maize. Toxins 2018, 10, 416 .

AMA Style

Matteo Ottoboni, Luciano Pinotti, Marco Tretola, Carlotta Giromini, Eleonora Fusi, Raffaella Rebucci, Maria Grillo, Luca Tassoni, Silvia Foresta, Silvia Gastaldello, Valentina Furlan, Claudio Maran, Vittorio Dell’Orto, Federica Cheli. Combining E-Nose and Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFIAs) for Rapid Occurrence/Co-Occurrence Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Detection in Maize. Toxins. 2018; 10 (10):416.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matteo Ottoboni; Luciano Pinotti; Marco Tretola; Carlotta Giromini; Eleonora Fusi; Raffaella Rebucci; Maria Grillo; Luca Tassoni; Silvia Foresta; Silvia Gastaldello; Valentina Furlan; Claudio Maran; Vittorio Dell’Orto; Federica Cheli. 2018. "Combining E-Nose and Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFIAs) for Rapid Occurrence/Co-Occurrence Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Detection in Maize." Toxins 10, no. 10: 416.

Review
Published: 01 October 2017 in Journal of Food Engineering
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ACS Style

Ambra Rita Di Rosa; Francesco Leone; Federica Cheli; Vincenzo Chiofalo. Fusion of electronic nose, electronic tongue and computer vision for animal source food authentication and quality assessment – A review. Journal of Food Engineering 2017, 210, 62 -75.

AMA Style

Ambra Rita Di Rosa, Francesco Leone, Federica Cheli, Vincenzo Chiofalo. Fusion of electronic nose, electronic tongue and computer vision for animal source food authentication and quality assessment – A review. Journal of Food Engineering. 2017; 210 ():62-75.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ambra Rita Di Rosa; Francesco Leone; Federica Cheli; Vincenzo Chiofalo. 2017. "Fusion of electronic nose, electronic tongue and computer vision for animal source food authentication and quality assessment – A review." Journal of Food Engineering 210, no. : 62-75.

Book chapter
Published: 24 May 2017 in Wheat Improvement, Management and Utilization
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Latest estimates for world cereal production in 2015 and EU‐28 production in 2014 are approximately 2540 and 323 mil tons, respectively. The FAO estimated that the global wheat consumption is about 66 kg/per capita. Among the most important risks associated with wheat consumption are mycotoxins. It has been estimated that up to 25% of the world's crops grown for food and feed may be contaminated with mycotoxins. Despite efforts in controlling fungal growth, mycotoxin co‐contamination represents an unavoidable risk, occurring pre‐ and postharvest and resulting in reduced nutritional value and possible risks for human and animal health. In addition to health risks, mycotoxins have a detrimental effect on the quality and the processing performance of wheat. Mitigation measures to manage the challenge of mycotoxins in wheat include strategies at pre‐ and postharvest. Preharvest events are predominantly dictated by environmental factors and good agronomic/cultural practices, whereas storage and processing are the major areas where contamination can be prevented at postharvest. Integrating as many management options as possible may minimize the risk of mycotoxin contamination in wheat and wheat products.

ACS Style

Federica Cheli; Luciano Pinotti; Martina Novacco; Marco Tretola Matteo Ottoboni; Marco Tretola; Vittorio Dell’Orto. Mycotoxins in Wheat and Mitigation Measures. Wheat Improvement, Management and Utilization 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Federica Cheli, Luciano Pinotti, Martina Novacco, Marco Tretola Matteo Ottoboni, Marco Tretola, Vittorio Dell’Orto. Mycotoxins in Wheat and Mitigation Measures. Wheat Improvement, Management and Utilization. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federica Cheli; Luciano Pinotti; Martina Novacco; Marco Tretola Matteo Ottoboni; Marco Tretola; Vittorio Dell’Orto. 2017. "Mycotoxins in Wheat and Mitigation Measures." Wheat Improvement, Management and Utilization , no. : 1.

Comparative study
Published: 10 February 2017 in Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of light microscopy with differential staining techniques for the discrimination of insect material from marine arthropods – classified as fishmeal. Specifically, three samples of single-species insect material, Hermetia illucens (HI), Bombyx mori (BM) and Tenebrio molitor (TM), and two samples of marine arthropods, shrimp material and krill, were analysed and compared after staining by two reagents to enhance fragment identification. Alizarin Red (AR) and Chlorazol Black (CB), which react respectively with calcium salts and chitin, were tested for their potential efficacy in distinguishing between insect and marine materials. Results indicated that AR failed to stain HI, BM and TM materials. By contrast, the three insect species materials tested were stained by CB. When shrimp fragments and krill were considered, AR and CB stained marine materials reddish-pink and light blue to black, respectively. By combining these results, it can be suggested that CB staining may efficiently be used to mark insect materials; AR does stain shrimp fragments but does not stain the tested insect material, indicating a possible approach for discriminating between insects and marine arthropods. However, since the present study was performed on pure materials and a small set of samples, possible implementation of this technique still needs to be confirmed in complex matrices such as compound feed.

ACS Style

Matteo Ottoboni; Marco Tretola; Federica Cheli; Daniela Marchis; Pascal Veys; Vincent Baeten; Luciano Pinotti. Light microscopy with differential staining techniques for the characterisation and discrimination of insects versus marine arthropods processed animal proteins. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2017, 34, 1377 -1383.

AMA Style

Matteo Ottoboni, Marco Tretola, Federica Cheli, Daniela Marchis, Pascal Veys, Vincent Baeten, Luciano Pinotti. Light microscopy with differential staining techniques for the characterisation and discrimination of insects versus marine arthropods processed animal proteins. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2017; 34 (8):1377-1383.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matteo Ottoboni; Marco Tretola; Federica Cheli; Daniela Marchis; Pascal Veys; Vincent Baeten; Luciano Pinotti. 2017. "Light microscopy with differential staining techniques for the characterisation and discrimination of insects versus marine arthropods processed animal proteins." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 34, no. 8: 1377-1383.

Review
Published: 15 February 2016 in Toxins
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Mycotoxins represent a risk to the feed supply chain with an impact on economies and international trade. A high percentage of feed samples have been reported to be contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. In most cases, the concentrations were low enough to ensure compliance with the European Union (EU) guidance values or maximum admitted levels. However, mycotoxin co-contamination might still exert adverse effects on animals due to additive/synergistic interactions. Studies on the fate of mycotoxins during cereal processing, such as milling, production of ethanol fuels, and beer brewing, have shown that mycotoxins are concentrated into fractions that are commonly used as animal feed. Published data show a high variability in mycotoxin repartitioning, mainly due to the type of mycotoxins, the level and extent of fungal contamination, and a failure to understand the complexity of food processing technologies. Precise knowledge of mycotoxin repartitioning during technological processes is critical and may provide a sound technical basis for feed managers to conform to legislation requirements and reduce the risk of severe adverse market and trade repercussions. Regular, economical and straightforward feed testing is critical to reach a quick and accurate diagnosis of feed quality. The use of rapid methods represents a future challenge.

ACS Style

Luciano Pinotti; Matteo Ottoboni; Carlotta Giromini; Vittorio Dell’Orto; Federica Cheli. Mycotoxin Contamination in the EU Feed Supply Chain: A Focus on Cereal Byproducts. Toxins 2016, 8, 45 .

AMA Style

Luciano Pinotti, Matteo Ottoboni, Carlotta Giromini, Vittorio Dell’Orto, Federica Cheli. Mycotoxin Contamination in the EU Feed Supply Chain: A Focus on Cereal Byproducts. Toxins. 2016; 8 (2):45.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luciano Pinotti; Matteo Ottoboni; Carlotta Giromini; Vittorio Dell’Orto; Federica Cheli. 2016. "Mycotoxin Contamination in the EU Feed Supply Chain: A Focus on Cereal Byproducts." Toxins 8, no. 2: 45.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2015 in World Mycotoxin Journal
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Silage has a substantial role in ruminant nutrition. Silages as a source of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins merit attention. Fungal growth and mycotoxin production before and during storage are a well-known phenomenon, resulting in reduced nutritional value and a possible risk factor for animal health. Mycotoxin co-contamination seems to be unavoidable under current agricultural and silage-making practices. Multi-mycotoxin contamination in silages is of particular concern due to the potential additive or synergistic effects on animals. In regard to managing the challenge of mycotoxins in silages, there are many factors with pre- and post-harvest origins to take into account. Pre-harvest events are predominantly dictated by environmental factors, whereas post-harvest events can be largely controlled by the farmer. An effective mycotoxin management and control programme should be integrated and personalised to each farm at an integrative level throughout the silage production chain. Growing crops in the field, silage making practices, and the feed out phase must be considered. Economical and straightforward silage testing is critical to reach a quick and sufficiently accurate diagnosis of silage quality, which allows for ‘in field decision-making’ with regard to the rapid diagnosis of the quality of given forage for its safe use as animal feed. Regular sampling and testing of silage allow picking up any variations in mycotoxin contamination. The use of rapid methods in the field represents future challenges. Moreover, a proper nutritional intervention needs to be considered to manage mycotoxin-contaminated silages. At farm level, animals are more often exposed to moderate amounts of several mycotoxins rather than to high levels of a single mycotoxin, resulting more frequently in non-specific digestive and health status impairment. Effective dietary strategies to promote rumen health, coupled with the administration of effective and broad-spectrum mycotoxin detoxifiers, are essential to minimise the negative impact of mycotoxins.

ACS Style

V. Dell’Orto; G. Baldi; F. Cheli. Mycotoxins in silage: checkpoints for effective management and control. World Mycotoxin Journal 2015, 8, 603 -617.

AMA Style

V. Dell’Orto, G. Baldi, F. Cheli. Mycotoxins in silage: checkpoints for effective management and control. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2015; 8 (5):603-617.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V. Dell’Orto; G. Baldi; F. Cheli. 2015. "Mycotoxins in silage: checkpoints for effective management and control." World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 5: 603-617.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2015 in World Mycotoxin Journal
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The aim of this paper is to present examples of in vitro and in vivo tests for mycotoxin mechanisms of action and evaluation of health effects, with a focus on the gut environment and toxicity testing. In vivo investigations may provide information on the net effects of mycotoxins in whole animals, whereas in vitro models represent effective tools to perform simplified experiments under uniform and well-controlled conditions and a suitable alternative to in vivo animal testing providing insights not achievable with animal studies. The main limits of in vitro models are the lack of interactions with other cells and extracellular factors, lack of hormonal or immunological influences, and lack or different levels of in vitro expression of genes involved in the overall response to mycotoxins. The translation of in vitro data into meaningful in vivo effects remains an unsolved problem. The main issues to be considered are the mycotoxin concentration range in accordance with levels encountered in realistic situations, the identification of reliable biomarkers of mycotoxin toxicity, the measurement of the chronic toxicity, the evaluation of single- or multi-toxin challenge. The gastrointestinal wall is the first barrier preventing the entry of undesirable substances. The intestinal epithelium can be exposed to high concentrations of mycotoxins upon ingestion of contaminated food and the amount of mycotoxin consumed via food does not always reflect the amount available to exert toxic actions in a target organ. In vitro digestion models in combination with intestinal epithelial cells are powerful tools to screen and predict the in vivo bioavailability and digestibility of mycotoxins in contaminated food and correctly estimate health effects. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo tests are complementary approaches for providing a more accurate picture of the health impact of mycotoxins and improved understanding and evaluation of relevant dietary exposure and risk scenarios.

ACS Style

F. Cheli; C. Giromini; A. Baldi. Mycotoxin mechanisms of action and health impact: ‘in vitro’ or ‘in vivo’ tests, that is the question. World Mycotoxin Journal 2015, 8, 573 -589.

AMA Style

F. Cheli, C. Giromini, A. Baldi. Mycotoxin mechanisms of action and health impact: ‘in vitro’ or ‘in vivo’ tests, that is the question. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2015; 8 (5):573-589.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Cheli; C. Giromini; A. Baldi. 2015. "Mycotoxin mechanisms of action and health impact: ‘in vitro’ or ‘in vivo’ tests, that is the question." World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 5: 573-589.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2014 in Food Control
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ACS Style

Federica Cheli; Debora Battaglia; Rossella Gallo; Vittorio Dell'Orto. EU legislation on cereal safety: An update with a focus on mycotoxins. Food Control 2014, 37, 315 -325.

AMA Style

Federica Cheli, Debora Battaglia, Rossella Gallo, Vittorio Dell'Orto. EU legislation on cereal safety: An update with a focus on mycotoxins. Food Control. 2014; 37 ():315-325.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federica Cheli; Debora Battaglia; Rossella Gallo; Vittorio Dell'Orto. 2014. "EU legislation on cereal safety: An update with a focus on mycotoxins." Food Control 37, no. : 315-325.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in World Mycotoxin Journal
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This review presents the applications of cell-based models in mycotoxin research, with a focus on models for mycotoxin screening and cytotoxicity evaluation. Various cell-based models, cell and cell culture condition related factors, toxicity endpoints and culture systems as well as predictive value of cell-based bioassays are reviewed. Advantages, drawbacks and technical problems regarding set up and validation of consistent, robust, reproducible and high-throughput cell-based models are discussed. Various cell-based models have been developed and used as screening tests for mycotoxins but the data obtained are difficult to compare. However, the results highlight the potential of cell-based models as promising in vitro platforms for the initial screening and cytotoxicity evaluation of mycotoxins and as a significant analytical approach in mycotoxin research before any animal or human clinical studies. To develop cell-based models as powerful high-throughput laboratory platforms for the analysis of large numbers of samples, there are mainly two fundamental requirements that should be met, i.e. the availability of easy-to-use and, if possible, automated cell platforms and the possibility to obtain reproducible results that are comparable between laboratories. The transition from a research model to a test model still needs optimisation, standardisation, and validation of analytical protocols. The validation of a cell-based bioassay is a complex process, as several critical points, such as the choice of the cellular model, the assay procedures, and the appropriate use and interpretation of the results, must be strictly defined to ensure more consistency in the results. The development of cell-based models exploring the third dimension together with automation and miniaturisation will bring cellular platforms to a level appropriate for cost-effective and large-scale analysis in the field of mycotoxin research.

ACS Style

Federica Cheli; E. Fusi; A. Baldi. Cell-based models for mycotoxin screening and toxicity evaluation: an update. World Mycotoxin Journal 2014, 7, 153 -166.

AMA Style

Federica Cheli, E. Fusi, A. Baldi. Cell-based models for mycotoxin screening and toxicity evaluation: an update. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2014; 7 (2):153-166.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federica Cheli; E. Fusi; A. Baldi. 2014. "Cell-based models for mycotoxin screening and toxicity evaluation: an update." World Mycotoxin Journal 7, no. 2: 153-166.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Italian Journal of Animal Science
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of image analysis measurements in combination with the official analytical method for the detection of constituents of animal origin in feedstuffs, in distinguishing between bovine and swine (bone containing) material. Authentic samples of controlled origin containing bovine or swine meat and bone meals were analysed by the microscopic method, in accordance with the official analytical method. Sediment fractions of each sample were observed with a compound microscope at X40. A total of 362 bone fragment lacunae images were recorded and processed through image analysis software, deriving 30 geometric variables for each lacuna. Results indicated that not only were most variables significantly (P<0.001) different between bovine and swine samples, but also that two thirds of the same variables were bigger in bovine than in swine. This information, however, does not seem to be so effective in practice since bovine and swine features and measurements overlapped. It can be concluded that the microscopic method even when combined with image analysis does not fit all the requirements for accurately identifying prohibited ingredients of animal origin. A combined approach with other methods is therefore recommended.

ACS Style

Matteo Ottoboni; Federica Cheli; Giuseppina Amato; Daniela Marchis; Beatrice Brusa; Maria C. Abete; Luciano Pinotti. Microscopy and Image Analysis Based Approaches for the Species-Specific Identification of Bovine and Swine Bone Containing Material. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2014, 13, 1 .

AMA Style

Matteo Ottoboni, Federica Cheli, Giuseppina Amato, Daniela Marchis, Beatrice Brusa, Maria C. Abete, Luciano Pinotti. Microscopy and Image Analysis Based Approaches for the Species-Specific Identification of Bovine and Swine Bone Containing Material. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2014; 13 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matteo Ottoboni; Federica Cheli; Giuseppina Amato; Daniela Marchis; Beatrice Brusa; Maria C. Abete; Luciano Pinotti. 2014. "Microscopy and Image Analysis Based Approaches for the Species-Specific Identification of Bovine and Swine Bone Containing Material." Italian Journal of Animal Science 13, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Italian Journal of Animal Science
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ACS Style

Giuseppe Pulina; Gianni Battacone; Gianfranco Brambilla; Federica Cheli; Pier Paolo Danieli; Francesco Masoero; Amedeo Pietri; Bruno Ronchi. An Update on the Safety of Foods of Animal Origin and Feeds. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2014, 13, 3571 .

AMA Style

Giuseppe Pulina, Gianni Battacone, Gianfranco Brambilla, Federica Cheli, Pier Paolo Danieli, Francesco Masoero, Amedeo Pietri, Bruno Ronchi. An Update on the Safety of Foods of Animal Origin and Feeds. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2014; 13 (4):3571.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppe Pulina; Gianni Battacone; Gianfranco Brambilla; Federica Cheli; Pier Paolo Danieli; Francesco Masoero; Amedeo Pietri; Bruno Ronchi. 2014. "An Update on the Safety of Foods of Animal Origin and Feeds." Italian Journal of Animal Science 13, no. 4: 3571.