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Pakistan is an agrarian economy confronting both risk and uncertainty. Rural migration to urban and off-farm work is increasing in the country. Off-farm work assists in decreasing risk and uncertainty while technical efficiency is linked with off-farm employment. This research effort aims at investigating the underpinnings of production characteristics, risk, and efficiency across categories of rice farmers, i.e., with and without off-farm work, by developing two stochastic frontier models. Empirical results reveal that both groups of farmers are using inputs in different ways, subsequently production varies across these groups. Farmers in both the categories have common characteristics in terms of production function. Coefficient of family size is positively significant to the group of farmers having off-farm work while negatively associated to their counterparts. High temperature and prevalence of disease found risk increasing factors. Though one group is more efficient, in general both groups are technically inefficient. The short-term policy focus should be diverted to ensuring availability and timely application of inputs to enhance efficiency. In the long run, policy initiatives need to be taken towards rural development by providing employment facilitating social and economic infrastructure, along with focus on Research and Development (R&D) particularly keeping the rice belt in view.
Muhammad Rizwan; Ping Qing; Abdul Saboor; Muhammad Amjed Iqbal; Adnan Nazir. Production Risk and Competency among Categorized Rice Peasants: Cross-Sectional Evidence from an Emerging Country. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3770 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Rizwan, Ping Qing, Abdul Saboor, Muhammad Amjed Iqbal, Adnan Nazir. Production Risk and Competency among Categorized Rice Peasants: Cross-Sectional Evidence from an Emerging Country. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3770.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Rizwan; Ping Qing; Abdul Saboor; Muhammad Amjed Iqbal; Adnan Nazir. 2020. "Production Risk and Competency among Categorized Rice Peasants: Cross-Sectional Evidence from an Emerging Country." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3770.
Cotton farmers have to deal with various kind of environmental and production risks. Risk attitude and perceptions play an important role in shaping farmers' decision regarding farm operations and management of exposed risks. Research on various aspects of managing risks in developing countries is few. Hence, keeping in view the research gap, this study aims to investigate the farmers' attitude and perceptions of various kinds of risks to which cotton crop is exposed in Pakistan. This study is based on a farm household survey of 480 farmers in six cotton belt districts of Punjab province, Pakistan. Equally Likely Certainty Equivalent (ELCE) and risk matrix methods are used to determine risk attitude and risk perceptions respectively. In addition, factor affecting farmers' attitude and perceptions are also analyzed by using probit model. The findings of the study revealed that that majority of farmers are risk averse in nature and reported flood, excessive rainfall, increased incidents of crop diseases and higher input prices as major risks exposed to their cotton crop. Furthermore, study found that age, education, location, off-farm income and access to market information are the factors which significantly (either positively or negatively) affect the farmers' risk perceptions and attitude. Study provides useful firsthand information to researchers and policy makers about the local understanding of risks to cotton crop in a developing country which could be used for research on farmers’ adaptation to exposed risks.
Muhammad Amjed Iqbal; Qing Ping; Muhammad Abid; Syed Muhammad Muslim Kazmi; Muhammad Rizwan. Assessing risk perceptions and attitude among cotton farmers: A case of Punjab province, Pakistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2016, 16, 68 -74.
AMA StyleMuhammad Amjed Iqbal, Qing Ping, Muhammad Abid, Syed Muhammad Muslim Kazmi, Muhammad Rizwan. Assessing risk perceptions and attitude among cotton farmers: A case of Punjab province, Pakistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2016; 16 ():68-74.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Amjed Iqbal; Qing Ping; Muhammad Abid; Syed Muhammad Muslim Kazmi; Muhammad Rizwan. 2016. "Assessing risk perceptions and attitude among cotton farmers: A case of Punjab province, Pakistan." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 16, no. : 68-74.