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Paweł Stępień
Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37/41 Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland

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Journal article
Published: 03 March 2021 in Materials
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In work, data from carbonization of the eight main municipal solid waste components (carton, fabric, kitchen waste, paper, plastic, rubber, paper/aluminum/polyethylene (PAP/AL/PE) composite packaging pack, wood) carbonized at 300–500 °C for 20–60 min were used to build regression models to predict the biochar properties (proximate and ultimate analysis) for particular components. These models were then combined in general models that predict the properties of char made from mixed waste components depending on pyrolysis temperature, residence time, and share of municipal solid waste components. Next, the general models were compared with experimental data (two mixtures made from the above-mentioned components carbonized at the same conditions). The comparison showed that most of the proposed general models had a determination coefficient (R2) over 0.6, and the best prediction was found for the prediction of biochar mass yield (R2 = 0.9). All models were implemented into a spreadsheet to provide a simple tool to determine the potential of carbonization of municipal solid waste/refuse solid fuel based on a local mix of major components.

ACS Style

Kacper Świechowski; Paweł Stępień; Ewa Syguła; Jacek Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. Lab-Scale Study of Temperature and Duration Effects on Carbonized Solid Fuels Properties Produced from Municipal Solid Waste Components. Materials 2021, 14, 1191 .

AMA Style

Kacper Świechowski, Paweł Stępień, Ewa Syguła, Jacek Koziel, Andrzej Białowiec. Lab-Scale Study of Temperature and Duration Effects on Carbonized Solid Fuels Properties Produced from Municipal Solid Waste Components. Materials. 2021; 14 (5):1191.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kacper Świechowski; Paweł Stępień; Ewa Syguła; Jacek Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. 2021. "Lab-Scale Study of Temperature and Duration Effects on Carbonized Solid Fuels Properties Produced from Municipal Solid Waste Components." Materials 14, no. 5: 1191.

Communication
Published: 24 December 2020 in Materials
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The decrease in the calorific value of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is an unintended outcome of the progress made toward more sustainable waste management. Plastics and paper separation and recycling leads to the overall decrease in waste’s calorific value, further limiting its applicability for thermal treatment. Pyrolysis has been proposed to densify energy in RDF and generate carbonized solid fuel (CSF). The challenge is that the feedstock composition of RDF is variable and site-specific. Therefore, the optimal pyrolysis conditions have to be established every time, depending on feedstock composition. In this research, we developed a model to predict the higher heating value (HHV) of the RDF composed of eight morphological refuse groups after low-temperature pyrolysis in CO2 (300–500 °C and 60 min) into CSF. The model considers cardboard, fabric, kitchen waste, paper, plastic, rubber, PAP/AL/PE (paper/aluminum/polyethylene) composite packaging pack, and wood, pyrolysis temperature, and residence time. The determination coefficients (R2) and Akaike information criteria were used for selecting the best model among four mathematical functions: (I) linear, (II) second-order polynomial, (III) factorial regression, and (IV) quadratic regression. For each RDF waste component, among these four models, the one best fitted to the experimental data was chosen; then, these models were integrated into the general model that predicts the HHV of CSF from the blends of RDF. The general model was validated experimentally by the application to the RDF blends. The validation revealed that the model explains 70–75% CSF HHV data variability. The results show that the optimal pyrolysis conditions depend on the most abundant waste in the waste mixture. High-quality CSF can be obtained from wastes such as paper, carton, plastic, and rubber when processed at relatively low temperatures (300 °C), whereas wastes such as fabrics and wood require higher temperatures (500 °C). The developed model showed that it is possible to achieve the CSF with the highest HHV value by optimizing the pyrolysis of RDF with the process temperature, residence time, and feedstock blends pretreatment.

ACS Style

Ewa Syguła; Kacper Świechowski; Paweł Stępień; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. The Prediction of Calorific Value of Carbonized Solid Fuel Produced from Refuse-Derived Fuel in the Low-Temperature Pyrolysis in CO2. Materials 2020, 14, 49 .

AMA Style

Ewa Syguła, Kacper Świechowski, Paweł Stępień, Jacek A. Koziel, Andrzej Białowiec. The Prediction of Calorific Value of Carbonized Solid Fuel Produced from Refuse-Derived Fuel in the Low-Temperature Pyrolysis in CO2. Materials. 2020; 14 (1):49.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewa Syguła; Kacper Świechowski; Paweł Stępień; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. 2020. "The Prediction of Calorific Value of Carbonized Solid Fuel Produced from Refuse-Derived Fuel in the Low-Temperature Pyrolysis in CO2." Materials 14, no. 1: 49.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2020 in Processes
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A significant challenge in sustainability and development of energy systems is connected with limited diversity and availability of fuels, especially in rural areas. A potential solution to this problem is compression, transport, and storage of raw biogas, that would increase diversity and availability of energy sources in remote areas. The aim of this study was to perform experimental research on raw biogas compression concerning biogas volume that can be stored in a cylinder under the pressure of 20 MPa and to compare obtained results with numerical models used to describe the state of gas at given conditions. Results were used to determine the theoretical energy content of raw biogas, assuming its usage in CHP systems. In the study, six compression test runs were conducted on-site in an agricultural biogas plant. Compression time, pressure as well as gas volume, and temperature rise were measured for raw biogas supplied directly from the digester. Obtained results were used to evaluate raw biogas compressibility factor Z and were compared with several equations of state and numerical methods for calculating the Z-factor. For experimental compression cycles, a theoretical energy balance was calculated based on experimental results published elsewhere. As a result, gas compressibility factor Z for storage pressure of 20 MPa and a temperature of 319.9 K was obtained and compared with 6 numerical models used for similar gases. It was shown that widely known numerical models can predict the volume of compressed gas with AARE% as low as 4.81%. It was shown that raw biogas supplied directly from the digester can be successfully compressed and stored in composite cylinders under pressure up to 20 MPa. This proposes a new method to utilize raw biogas in remote areas, increasing the diversity of energy sources and increasing the share of renewable fuels worldwide.

ACS Style

Marek Mysior; Paweł Stępień; Sebastian Koziołek. Modeling and Experimental Validation of Compression and Storage of Raw Biogas. Processes 2020, 8, 1556 .

AMA Style

Marek Mysior, Paweł Stępień, Sebastian Koziołek. Modeling and Experimental Validation of Compression and Storage of Raw Biogas. Processes. 2020; 8 (12):1556.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marek Mysior; Paweł Stępień; Sebastian Koziołek. 2020. "Modeling and Experimental Validation of Compression and Storage of Raw Biogas." Processes 8, no. 12: 1556.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2020 in Energies
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Sustainable solutions are needed to manage increased energy demand and waste generation. Renewable energy production from abundant sewage sludge (SS) and digestate (D) from biogas is feasible. Concerns about feedstock contamination (heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria) in SS and D limits the use (e.g., agricultural) of these carbon-rich resources. Low temperature thermal conversion that results in carbonized solid fuel (CSF) has been proposed as sustainable waste utilization. The aim of the research was to investigate the feasibility of CSF production from SS and D via torrefaction. The CSF was produced at 200~300 °C (interval of 20 °C) for 20~60 min (interval 20 min). The torrefaction kinetics and CSF fuel properties were determined. Next, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of SS and D torrefaction were used to build models of energy demand for torrefaction. Finally, the evaluation of the energy balance of CSF production from SS and D was completed. The results showed that torrefaction improved the D-derived CSF’s higher heating value (HHV) up to 11% (p < 0.05), whereas no significant HHV changes for SS were observed. The torrefied D had the highest HHV of 20 MJ∙kg-1 under 300 °C and 30 min, (the curve fitted value from the measured time periods) compared to HHV = 18 MJ∙kg−1 for unprocessed D. The torrefied SS had the highest HHV = 14.8 MJ∙kg−1 under 200 °C and 20 min, compared to HHV 14.6 MJ∙kg−1 for raw SS. An unwanted result of the torrefaction was an increase in ash content in CSF, up to 40% and 22% for SS and D, respectively. The developed model showed that the torrefaction of dry SS and D could be energetically self-sufficient. Generating CSF with the highest HHV requires raw feedstock containing ~15.4 and 45.9 MJ∙kg−1 for SS and D, respectively (assuming that part of feedstock is a source of energy for the process). The results suggest that there is a potential to convert biogas D to CSF to provide renewable fuel for, e.g., plants currently fed/co-fed with municipal solid waste.

ACS Style

Kacper Świechowski; Martyna Hnat; Paweł Stępień; Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska; Szymon Kugler; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. Waste to Energy: Solid Fuel Production from Biogas Plant Digestate and Sewage Sludge by Torrefaction-Process Kinetics, Fuel Properties, and Energy Balance. Energies 2020, 13, 3161 .

AMA Style

Kacper Świechowski, Martyna Hnat, Paweł Stępień, Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska, Szymon Kugler, Jacek A. Koziel, Andrzej Białowiec. Waste to Energy: Solid Fuel Production from Biogas Plant Digestate and Sewage Sludge by Torrefaction-Process Kinetics, Fuel Properties, and Energy Balance. Energies. 2020; 13 (12):3161.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kacper Świechowski; Martyna Hnat; Paweł Stępień; Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska; Szymon Kugler; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. 2020. "Waste to Energy: Solid Fuel Production from Biogas Plant Digestate and Sewage Sludge by Torrefaction-Process Kinetics, Fuel Properties, and Energy Balance." Energies 13, no. 12: 3161.

Data descriptor
Published: 21 May 2020 in Data
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New technologies to valorize refuse-derived fuels (RDFs) will be required in the near future due to emerging trends of (1) the cement industry’s demands for high-quality alternative fuels and (2) the decreasing calorific value of the fuels derived from municipal solid waste (MSW) and currently used in cement/incineration plants. Low-temperature pyrolysis can increase the calorific value of processed material, leading to the production of value-added carbonized solid fuel (CSF). This dataset summarizes the key properties of MSW-derived CSF. Pyrolysis experiments were completed using eight types of organic waste and their two RDF mixtures. Organic waste represented common morphological groups of MSW, i.e., cartons, fabrics, kitchen waste, paper, plastic, rubber, PAP/AL/PE composite packaging (multi-material packaging also known as Tetra Pak cartons), and wood. The pyrolysis was conducted at temperatures ranging from 300 to 500 °C (20 °C intervals), with a retention (process) time of 20 to 60 min (20 min intervals). The mass yield, energy densification ratio, and energy yield were determined to characterize the pyrolysis process efficiency. The raw materials and produced CSF were tested with proximate analyses (moisture content, organic matter content, ash content, and combustible part content) and with ultimate analyses (elemental composition C, H, N, S) and high heating value (HHV). Additionally, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) of the pyrolysis process were performed. The dataset documents the changes in fuel properties of RDF resulting from low-temperature pyrolysis as a function of the pyrolysis conditions and feedstock type. The greatest HHV improvements were observed for fabrics (up to 65%), PAP/AL/PE composite packaging (up to 56%), and wood (up to 46%).

ACS Style

Kacper Świechowski; Ewa Syguła; Jacek A. Koziel; Paweł Stępień; Szymon Kugler; Piotr Manczarski; Andrzej Białowiec. Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Waste Components and Refuse-Derived Fuel—Process Efficiency and Fuel Properties of Carbonized Solid Fuel. Data 2020, 5, 48 .

AMA Style

Kacper Świechowski, Ewa Syguła, Jacek A. Koziel, Paweł Stępień, Szymon Kugler, Piotr Manczarski, Andrzej Białowiec. Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Waste Components and Refuse-Derived Fuel—Process Efficiency and Fuel Properties of Carbonized Solid Fuel. Data. 2020; 5 (2):48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kacper Świechowski; Ewa Syguła; Jacek A. Koziel; Paweł Stępień; Szymon Kugler; Piotr Manczarski; Andrzej Białowiec. 2020. "Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Waste Components and Refuse-Derived Fuel—Process Efficiency and Fuel Properties of Carbonized Solid Fuel." Data 5, no. 2: 48.

Journal article
Published: 20 February 2020 in Materials
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Sewage sludge (SS) recycling is an important part of the proposed ‘circular economy’ concept. SS can be valorized via torrefaction (also known as ‘low-temperature pyrolysis’ or ‘roasting’). SS can, therefore, be considered a low-quality fuel or a source of nutrients essential for plant growth. Biochar produced by torrefaction of SS is a form of carbonized fuel or fertilizer. In this research, for the first time, we tested the feasibility of torrefaction of SS with high ash content for either fuel or organic fertilizer production. The research was conducted in 18 variants (six torrefaction temperatures between 200~300 °C, and three process residence times of 20, 40, 60 min) in 5 repetitions. Fuel and fertilizer properties and multiple regression analysis of produced biochar were conducted. The higher heating value (HHV) of raw SS was 21.2 MJ·kg−1. Produced biochar was characterized by HHV up to 12.85 MJ·kg−1 and lower H/C and O/C molar ratio. Therefore, torrefaction of SS with high ash content should not be considered as a method for improving the fuel properties. Instead, the production of fertilizer appears to be favorable. The torrefaction increased C, N, Mg, Ca, K, Na concentration in relation to raw SS. No significant (p < 0.05) influence of the increase of temperature and residence time on the increase of biogenic elements in biochar was found, however the highest biogenic element content, were found in biochar produced for 60 min, under the temperature ranging from 200 to 240 °C. Obtained biochars met the Polish regulatory criteria for mineral-organic fertilizer. Therefore SS torrefaction may be considered a feasible waste recycling technology. The calculation of torrefaction energy and the mass balance shows energy demand <2.5 GJ∙Mg−1 w.m., and the expected mass yield of the product, organic fertilizer, is ~178 kg∙Mg−1 w.m of SS. Further investigation should consider the scaling-up of the SS torrefaction process, with the application of other types of SSs.

ACS Style

Jakub Pulka; Piotr Manczarski; Paweł Stępień; Marzena Styczyńska; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. Waste-to-Carbon: Is the Torrefied Sewage Sludge with High Ash Content a Better Fuel or Fertilizer? Materials 2020, 13, 954 .

AMA Style

Jakub Pulka, Piotr Manczarski, Paweł Stępień, Marzena Styczyńska, Jacek A. Koziel, Andrzej Białowiec. Waste-to-Carbon: Is the Torrefied Sewage Sludge with High Ash Content a Better Fuel or Fertilizer? Materials. 2020; 13 (4):954.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jakub Pulka; Piotr Manczarski; Paweł Stępień; Marzena Styczyńska; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. 2020. "Waste-to-Carbon: Is the Torrefied Sewage Sludge with High Ash Content a Better Fuel or Fertilizer?" Materials 13, no. 4: 954.

Journal article
Published: 14 November 2019 in Energies
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The paper presents, for the first time, the results of fuel characteristics of biochars from torrefaction (a.k.a., roasting or low-temperature pyrolysis) of elephant dung (manure). Elephant dung could be processed and valorized by torrefaction to produce fuel with improved qualities for cooking. The work aimed to examine the possibility of using torrefaction to (1) valorize elephant waste and to (2) determine the impact of technological parameters (temperature and duration of the torrefaction process) on the waste conversion rate and fuel properties of resulting biochar (biocoal). In addition, the influence of temperature on the kinetics of the torrefaction and its energy consumption was examined. The lab-scale experiment was based on the production of biocoals at six temperatures (200–300 °C; 20 °C interval) and three process durations of the torrefaction (20, 40, 60 min). The generated biocoals were characterized in terms of moisture content, organic matter, ash, and higher heating values. In addition, thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analyses were also used for process kinetics assessment. The results show that torrefaction is a feasible method for elephant dung valorization and it could be used as fuel. The process temperature ranging from 200 to 260 °C did not affect the key fuel properties (high heating value, HHV, HHVdaf, regardless of the process duration), i.e., important practical information for proposed low-tech applications. However, the higher heating values of the biocoal decreased above 260 °C. Further research is needed regarding the torrefaction of elephant dung focused on scaling up, techno-economic analyses, and the possibility of improving access to reliable energy sources in rural areas.

ACS Style

Paweł Stępień; Kacper Świechowski; Martyna Hnat; Szymon Kugler; Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska; Jacek A. Koziel; Piotr Manczarski; Andrzej Białowiec. Waste to Carbon: Biocoal from Elephant Dung as New Cooking Fuel. Energies 2019, 12, 4344 .

AMA Style

Paweł Stępień, Kacper Świechowski, Martyna Hnat, Szymon Kugler, Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska, Jacek A. Koziel, Piotr Manczarski, Andrzej Białowiec. Waste to Carbon: Biocoal from Elephant Dung as New Cooking Fuel. Energies. 2019; 12 (22):4344.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paweł Stępień; Kacper Świechowski; Martyna Hnat; Szymon Kugler; Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska; Jacek A. Koziel; Piotr Manczarski; Andrzej Białowiec. 2019. "Waste to Carbon: Biocoal from Elephant Dung as New Cooking Fuel." Energies 12, no. 22: 4344.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2019 in Sustainability
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We have been advancing the concept of carbonized refuse-derived fuel (CRDF) by refuse-derived fuel (RDF) torrefaction as improved recycling to synergistically address the world’s energy demand. The RDF is a combustible fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). Many municipalities recover RDF for co-firing with conventional fuels. Torrefaction can further enhance fuel properties and valorize RDF. Energy demand for torrefaction is one of the key unknowns needed for scaling up CRDF production. To address this need, a pioneering model for optimizing site-specific energy demand for torrefaction of mixed RDF materials was developed. First, thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analyses were used to establish thermal properties for eight common RDF materials. Then, the model using the %RDF mix, empirical thermal properties, and torrefaction temperature was developed. The model results for individual RDF components fitted well (R2 ≥ 0.98) with experimental torrefaction data. Finally, the model was used to find an optimized RDF site-specific mixture with the lowest energy demand. The developed model could be a basis for estimating a net energy potential from the torrefaction of mixed RDF. Improved models could be useful to make plant-specific decisions to optimize RDF production based on the energy demand that depends on highly variable types of MSW and RDF streams.

ACS Style

Paweł Stępień; Małgorzata Serowik; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. Waste to Carbon: Estimating the Energy Demand for Production of Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5685 .

AMA Style

Paweł Stępień, Małgorzata Serowik, Jacek A. Koziel, Andrzej Białowiec. Waste to Carbon: Estimating the Energy Demand for Production of Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (20):5685.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paweł Stępień; Małgorzata Serowik; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. 2019. "Waste to Carbon: Estimating the Energy Demand for Production of Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel." Sustainability 11, no. 20: 5685.

Journal article
Published: 22 August 2019 in Processes
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A significant challenge in the utilization of alternative gaseous fuels is to use their energy potential at the desired location, considering economic feasibility and sustainability. A potential solution is a compression, transportation in pressure tanks, and generation of electricity and heat directly at the recipient. In this research, the potential for generating syngas from abundant waste substrates was analyzed. The sewage sludge (SS) was used as an example of a bulky and abundant resource that could be valorized via gasification, compression, and transport to end-users in containers. A model was developed, and theoretical analyses were completed to examine the influence of the calorific value of the syngas produced from the SS gasification (under different temperatures and gasifying agents) on the efficiency of energy transportation of compressed syngas. First, the gasification simulation was carried out, assuming equilibrium in a downdraft gasifier (reactor) from 973–1473 K and five gasifying agents (O2, H2, CO2, water vapor, and air). Molar ratios of the gasifying agents to the (SS) C ranged from 0.1–1.0. The model predicted syngas composition, lower calorific values (LHV) for a given molar ratio of the gasification agent, and compressibility factor. It was shown that the highest LHV was obtained at 0.1 molar ratio for all gasifier agents. The highest LHV (~20 MJ∙(Nm3)−1) was obtained by gasification with H2 and the lowest (~13 MJ∙(Nm3)−1) in the case of air. Next, the available syngas volume in a compressed gas transportation unit and the stored energy was estimated. The largest syngas volume can be transported when O2 is used as a gasifying agent, but the highest amount of transported energy was estimated for gasification with H2. Finally, the techno-economic analyses showed that syngas from SS could be competitive when the energy of compressed syngas is compared with the demand of an average residential dwelling. The developed syngas energy transport system (SETS) concept proposes a new method to distribute compressed syngas in pressure tanks to end-users using all modes of transport carrying intermodal ISO containers. Future work should include the determination of energy demand for syngas compression, including pressure losses, heat losses, and analysis of the influence of syngas on storage and compression devices.

ACS Style

Marek Mysior; Maciej Tomaszewski; Paweł Stępień; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. Valorization of Sewage Sludge via Gasification and Transportation of Compressed Syngas. Processes 2019, 7, 556 .

AMA Style

Marek Mysior, Maciej Tomaszewski, Paweł Stępień, Jacek A. Koziel, Andrzej Białowiec. Valorization of Sewage Sludge via Gasification and Transportation of Compressed Syngas. Processes. 2019; 7 (9):556.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marek Mysior; Maciej Tomaszewski; Paweł Stępień; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. 2019. "Valorization of Sewage Sludge via Gasification and Transportation of Compressed Syngas." Processes 7, no. 9: 556.

Data descriptor
Published: 19 April 2019 in Data
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The pioneering developed simplified mathematical model can be used to determine the energy consumption of the torrefaction process. Specifically, the energy balance model was developed for torrefaction of municipal solid waste (MSW; a combustible fraction of common municipal waste). Municipalities are adopting waste separation and need tools for energy recovery options. This type of model is needed for initial decision-making, evaluation of cost estimates, life cycle analysis (LCA), and for optimizing the torrefaction of MSW. The MSW inputs are inherently variable and are site-, location-, and country-dependent. Thus, in this model, MSW inputs consist of eight types of common municipal waste components: chicken meat, diapers, gauze, eggs packaging, paper receipts, cotton, genuine leather, and polypropylene. The model uses simple experimental input consisting of thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses for each type of individual MSW material. The model was created in a Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet and is available for download and use for site-specific waste mixes and properties. The model allows estimating the energy demand of the process depending on the percentage composition of the MSW and the final torrefaction temperature. The model enables initial optimization of the torrefaction process regarding its energy demand by changing the proportion of MSW mix and the final temperature.

ACS Style

Paweł Stępień; Małgorzata Serowik; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. Waste to Carbon Energy Demand Model and Data Based on the TGA and DSC Analysis of Individual MSW Components. Data 2019, 4, 53 .

AMA Style

Paweł Stępień, Małgorzata Serowik, Jacek A. Koziel, Andrzej Białowiec. Waste to Carbon Energy Demand Model and Data Based on the TGA and DSC Analysis of Individual MSW Components. Data. 2019; 4 (2):53.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paweł Stępień; Małgorzata Serowik; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. 2019. "Waste to Carbon Energy Demand Model and Data Based on the TGA and DSC Analysis of Individual MSW Components." Data 4, no. 2: 53.

Original paper
Published: 04 January 2018 in Waste and Biomass Valorization
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One of the refuse derived fuel (RDF) utilization methods is low temperature pyrolysis. However, the high heterogeneity of RDF and the fact that its various components may influence on the degradation of other components causes difficulties with proper energy balance of the process. Determination of the energy balance could be performed with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Those methods allows the identification of kinetics of organic matter degradation in thermal processes, the calculation of activation energy, and energy demand/release during organic matter transformations. TGA and DSC were used to examine the potential of using RDF in low temperature pyrolysis. TGA analysis shows that main organic matter decomposition in RDF occurs at temperature range between 400 and 600 °C. This temperature range is typical for plastics decomposition, as plastics are a main component of alternative fuel derived from municipal solid waste. For the analyzed RDF samples activation energy within the 400–600 °C temperature range was at the level of 25.5 kJ mol−1. The four distinctive specific heat changes in the tested RDF material were observed, which means, four specific materials groups were decomposed. Four of this reaction were endothermal, and one was exothermal. The whole process is endothermic. The energy demand for transformations is − 63.62 J g−1. The results also shown that RDF low temperature pyrolysis product’s lower calorific value was at the level of 7.55 MJ kg−1, thus pyrolysis should not be considered as a pretreatment method for preparing CRDF for energy reuse.

ACS Style

Paweł Stępień; Jakub Pulka; Małgorzata Serowik; Andrzej Bialowiec. Thermogravimetric and Calorimetric Characteristics of Alternative Fuel in Terms of Its Use in Low-Temperature Pyrolysis. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2018, 10, 1669 -1677.

AMA Style

Paweł Stępień, Jakub Pulka, Małgorzata Serowik, Andrzej Bialowiec. Thermogravimetric and Calorimetric Characteristics of Alternative Fuel in Terms of Its Use in Low-Temperature Pyrolysis. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2018; 10 (6):1669-1677.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paweł Stępień; Jakub Pulka; Małgorzata Serowik; Andrzej Bialowiec. 2018. "Thermogravimetric and Calorimetric Characteristics of Alternative Fuel in Terms of Its Use in Low-Temperature Pyrolysis." Waste and Biomass Valorization 10, no. 6: 1669-1677.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Detritus
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ACS Style

Paweł Stępień; Andrzej Białowiec. KINETIC PARAMETERS OF TORREFACTION PROCESS OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL PRODUCED FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND CHARACTERISTIC OF CARBONIZED REFUSE DERIVED FUEL. Detritus 2018, In Press, 1 .

AMA Style

Paweł Stępień, Andrzej Białowiec. KINETIC PARAMETERS OF TORREFACTION PROCESS OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL PRODUCED FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND CHARACTERISTIC OF CARBONIZED REFUSE DERIVED FUEL. Detritus. 2018; In Press (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paweł Stępień; Andrzej Białowiec. 2018. "KINETIC PARAMETERS OF TORREFACTION PROCESS OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL PRODUCED FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND CHARACTERISTIC OF CARBONIZED REFUSE DERIVED FUEL." Detritus In Press, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Waste Management
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The influence of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)/Solid Recovery Fuel (SRF) torrefaction temperature on product characteristic was investigated. RDF/SRF thermal treatment experiment was conducted with 1-h residence time, under given temperatures: 200, 220, 240, 260, 280 and 300°C. Sawdust was used as reference material. The following parameters of torrefaction char from sawdust and Carbonized Refuse Derived Fuel (CRDF) from RDF/SRF were measured: moisture, calorific value, ash content, volatile compounds and sulfur content. Sawdust biochar was confirmed as a good quality solid fuel, due to significant fuel property increase. The study also indicated that RDF torrefaction reduced moisture significantly from 22.9% to 1.4% and therefore increased lower heating value (LHV) from 19.6 to 25.3MJ/kg. Results suggest that RDF torrefaction may be a good method for increasing attractiveness of RDF as an energy source, and it could help unify RDF properties on the market.

ACS Style

Andrzej Białowiec; Jakub Pulka; Paweł Stępień; Piotr Manczarski; Janusz Gołaszewski. The RDF/SRF torrefaction: An effect of temperature on characterization of the product – Carbonized Refuse Derived Fuel. Waste Management 2017, 70, 91 -100.

AMA Style

Andrzej Białowiec, Jakub Pulka, Paweł Stępień, Piotr Manczarski, Janusz Gołaszewski. The RDF/SRF torrefaction: An effect of temperature on characterization of the product – Carbonized Refuse Derived Fuel. Waste Management. 2017; 70 ():91-100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrzej Białowiec; Jakub Pulka; Paweł Stępień; Piotr Manczarski; Janusz Gołaszewski. 2017. "The RDF/SRF torrefaction: An effect of temperature on characterization of the product – Carbonized Refuse Derived Fuel." Waste Management 70, no. : 91-100.

Review
Published: 05 July 2017 in Pyrolysis
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Torrefaction is a thermochemical process in a narrow temperature ranging from 200 to 300°C, where primarily hemicellulose fibers are depolymerized. This process is carried out under atmospheric pressure and in anaerobic conditions; heating ratio is low (<50°C/min) and the residence time is relatively long, up to 1 h. During the process, a biomass is partially decomposed and forms different condensing and noncondensing gases. The final product is a constant substance rich in carbon, which is called a torrefied biomass—biochar and biocarbon. Currently an increase in energy demand is impacting the environment considerably. For this reason, in this chapter the organic waste torrefaction technology will be presented, including the reactor systems review. Torrefaction process may be conducted in different types of reactors, with diverse technologies. From this variety, two main groups of reactors can be distinguished, with direct and indirect heating. Direct heating group consists of reactors with multiple design, such as Multiple Hearth Furnace, microwave reactor, moving bed, vibrating belt, the reactor belt, and auger. Indirect heating reactors are less common and this group consists of rotating drum and auger reactor. All mentioned reactor types will be presented and discussed.

ACS Style

Paweł Stępień; Jakub Pulka; Andrzej Białowiec. Organic Waste Torrefaction – A Review: Reactor Systems, and the Biochar Properties. Pyrolysis 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Paweł Stępień, Jakub Pulka, Andrzej Białowiec. Organic Waste Torrefaction – A Review: Reactor Systems, and the Biochar Properties. Pyrolysis. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paweł Stępień; Jakub Pulka; Andrzej Białowiec. 2017. "Organic Waste Torrefaction – A Review: Reactor Systems, and the Biochar Properties." Pyrolysis , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2017 in PRZEMYSŁ CHEMICZNY
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Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT wydaje czasopisma fachowe informuj

ACS Style

Paweł Stępień. Mathematical modeling of torrefaction of refuse-derived alternative fuel Modelowanie matematyczne toryfikacji paliwa pochodzącego z odpadów. PRZEMYSŁ CHEMICZNY 2017, 1, 227 -231.

AMA Style

Paweł Stępień. Mathematical modeling of torrefaction of refuse-derived alternative fuel Modelowanie matematyczne toryfikacji paliwa pochodzącego z odpadów. PRZEMYSŁ CHEMICZNY. 2017; 1 (5):227-231.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paweł Stępień. 2017. "Mathematical modeling of torrefaction of refuse-derived alternative fuel Modelowanie matematyczne toryfikacji paliwa pochodzącego z odpadów." PRZEMYSŁ CHEMICZNY 1, no. 5: 227-231.