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Abrasion of tire wear is one of the largest sources of microplastics to the environment. Although most tire particles settle into soils, studies on their ecotoxicological impacts on the terrestrial environment are scarce. Here, the effects of tire particles (<180 μm) on three ecologically relevant soil invertebrate species, the enchytraeid worm Enchytraeus crypticus, the springtail Folsomia candida and the woodlouse Porcellio scaber, were studied. These species were exposed to tire particles spiked in soil or in food at concentrations of 0.02%, 0.06%, 0.17%, 0.5% and 1.5% (w/w). Tire particles contained a variety of potentially harmful substances. Zinc (21 900 mg kg−1) was the dominant trace element, whilst the highest concentrations of the measured organic compounds were detected for benzothiazole (89.2 mg kg−1), pyrene (4.85 mg kg−1), chlorpyrifos (0.351 mg kg−1), HCB (0.134 mg kg−1), methoxychlor (0.116 mg kg−1) and BDE 28 (0.100 mg kg−1). At the highest test concentration in soil (1.5%), the tire particles decreased F. candida reproduction by 38% and survival by 24%, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of P. scaber by 65%, whilst the slight decrease in the reproduction of E. crypticus was not dose-dependent. In food, the highest test concentration of tire particles reduced F. candida survival by 38%. These results suggest that micro-sized tire particles can affect soil invertebrates at concentrations found at roadsides, whilst short-term impacts at concentrations found further from the roadsides are unlikely.
Salla Selonen; Andraž Dolar; Anita Jemec Kokalj; Lyndon N.A. Sackey; Tina Skalar; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Diana Rede; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Rachel Hurley; Luca Nizzetto; Cornelis A.M. van Gestel. Exploring the impacts of microplastics and associated chemicals in the terrestrial environment – Exposure of soil invertebrates to tire particles. Environmental Research 2021, 201, 111495 .
AMA StyleSalla Selonen, Andraž Dolar, Anita Jemec Kokalj, Lyndon N.A. Sackey, Tina Skalar, Virgínia Cruz Fernandes, Diana Rede, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Rachel Hurley, Luca Nizzetto, Cornelis A.M. van Gestel. Exploring the impacts of microplastics and associated chemicals in the terrestrial environment – Exposure of soil invertebrates to tire particles. Environmental Research. 2021; 201 ():111495.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalla Selonen; Andraž Dolar; Anita Jemec Kokalj; Lyndon N.A. Sackey; Tina Skalar; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Diana Rede; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Rachel Hurley; Luca Nizzetto; Cornelis A.M. van Gestel. 2021. "Exploring the impacts of microplastics and associated chemicals in the terrestrial environment – Exposure of soil invertebrates to tire particles." Environmental Research 201, no. : 111495.
Every year, after grape harvesting, high quantities of vine-canes are generated. Due to the high amount of bioactive compounds present in this woody material, several studies reported their potential to be used in different sustainable applications. However, before employing vine-canes in this kind of products, their safety needs to be assessed. A robust method for identification and quantification of 30 environmental contaminants (12 organochloride pesticides (OCPs), 6 organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), 5 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 7 brominated flame retardants (BFRs)) in vine-canes was developed. For that, the extraction and clean-up procedures were optimized, namely the vine-canes size, the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) composition and the amount of carbon used in the dispersive-solid phase extraction (d-SPE). Suitable analytical parameters were obtained: linearity (r2) >0.99 for all the studied compounds and for the solvent and matrix-matched standards; relative standard deviation (RSD) below 14%; and mean recoveries for two spiking levels (10 and 20 μg/kg) between 75 and 103%, excepting for the PCBs that ranged between 59 and 105%. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) ranged between 0.38 and 1.09 and 1.26 to 3.64 μg/kg, respectively. Regarding the analysis of 19 vine-cane samples, corresponding to four different varieties (Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roriz, Alvarinho, and Loureiro) collected in four different years in the North of Portugal, five contaminants (aldrin, 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE), α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), 2,4,4′-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB28), and 2,2′,4,5,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB101)) were detected. However, only α-HCH (5.85 ± 0.32 to 5.99 ± 0.25 μg/kg) and aldrin (2.44 ± 0.15 μg/kg) were quantified above the LOQ. The screening of environmental contaminants in vine-canes is essential to waste valorization, especially if the goal is to apply them in products for human consumption.
Olena Dorosh; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Manuela M. Moreira; Cristina Delerue-Matos. Occurrence of pesticides and environmental contaminants in vineyards: Case study of Portuguese grapevine canes. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 791, 148395 .
AMA StyleOlena Dorosh, Virgínia Cruz Fernandes, Manuela M. Moreira, Cristina Delerue-Matos. Occurrence of pesticides and environmental contaminants in vineyards: Case study of Portuguese grapevine canes. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 791 ():148395.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlena Dorosh; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Manuela M. Moreira; Cristina Delerue-Matos. 2021. "Occurrence of pesticides and environmental contaminants in vineyards: Case study of Portuguese grapevine canes." Science of The Total Environment 791, no. : 148395.
A multiresidue analytical methodology based on a solid-phase microextraction (SPME), followed by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC–IT/MS), has been developed for trace analysis of 20 known or suspected endocrine-disrupting pesticides. The SPME conditions are optimized considering several key parameters to obtain the maximum sensitivity. After the optimization, the method validation is performed, and the limits of detection (ranged from 2–150 ng/L) and the coefficient of determination (above 0.990) of studied compounds are determined for all the analytes. A robust sampling of twenty sampling points of surface water samples from the north and center of Portugal is performed, and the validated methodology is applied. In total, 20 compounds from four chemical families (13 organochlorine, 1 organophosphorus, 2 dicarboximide, and 4 pyrethroids) are studied, and the pesticides most frequently detected are eight organochlorine pesticides (α-, β-HCHs, lindane, HCB, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, α-endosulfan), cypermethrin, and vinclozolin.
José Vera; Virgínia Fernandes; Luísa Correia-Sá; Catarina Mansilha; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Valentina Domingues. Occurrence of Selected Known or Suspected Endocrine-Disrupting Pesticides in Portuguese Surface Waters Using SPME-GC-IT/MS. Separations 2021, 8, 81 .
AMA StyleJosé Vera, Virgínia Fernandes, Luísa Correia-Sá, Catarina Mansilha, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Valentina Domingues. Occurrence of Selected Known or Suspected Endocrine-Disrupting Pesticides in Portuguese Surface Waters Using SPME-GC-IT/MS. Separations. 2021; 8 (6):81.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Vera; Virgínia Fernandes; Luísa Correia-Sá; Catarina Mansilha; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Valentina Domingues. 2021. "Occurrence of Selected Known or Suspected Endocrine-Disrupting Pesticides in Portuguese Surface Waters Using SPME-GC-IT/MS." Separations 8, no. 6: 81.
Salicornia ramosissima J.Woods is an edible halophyte, widely distributed in the Portuguese salt marsh that has been under valorized. The aim of this study is to expand the knowledge regarding S. ramosissima bioactive composition and safety, highlighting its potential use as nutraceutical ingredient. Therefore, extracts obtained by conventional (CE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were characterized regarding phenolic profile, antioxidant activity, radical scavenging capacity and intestinal cell effects. Moreover, organic pesticides were screened to guarantee the consumers safety. The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed for the CE, as well as the scavenging capacity of O2•− (IC50 = 979.36 µg/mL) and HOCl (IC50 = 90.28 µg/mL). In contrast, the best antioxidant and antiradical activities were achieved by MAE (65.56 µmol FSE/g dw and 17.74 µg AAE/g dw for FRAP and ABTS assays, respectively). The phenolic composition was similar for both extracts, being characterized by the presence of phenolic acids, flavonols, flavanols, flavones and flavanones. The predominant compound for both extracts was myricetin. None of the extracts were cytotoxic in intestinal cell lines. Vestigial levels of β-endosulfan and p,p’-DDE were identified in MAE. These results support that S. ramosissima could be a source of bioactive compounds for nutraceutic industry.
Ana Silva; João Lago; Diana Pinto; Manuela Moreira; Clara Grosso; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Francisca Rodrigues. Salicornia ramosissima Bioactive Composition and Safety: Eco-Friendly Extractions Approach (Microwave-Assisted Extraction vs. Conventional Maceration). Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 4744 .
AMA StyleAna Silva, João Lago, Diana Pinto, Manuela Moreira, Clara Grosso, Virgínia Cruz Fernandes, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Francisca Rodrigues. Salicornia ramosissima Bioactive Composition and Safety: Eco-Friendly Extractions Approach (Microwave-Assisted Extraction vs. Conventional Maceration). Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (11):4744.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Silva; João Lago; Diana Pinto; Manuela Moreira; Clara Grosso; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Francisca Rodrigues. 2021. "Salicornia ramosissima Bioactive Composition and Safety: Eco-Friendly Extractions Approach (Microwave-Assisted Extraction vs. Conventional Maceration)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 4744.
Lack of knowledge about iodine has been suggested as a risk factor for iodine deficiency in pregnant women, but no studies have addressed this issue in Portugal. So, the aim of this study was to investigate iodine knowledge among Portuguese pregnant women and its association with iodine status. IoMum, a prospective observational study, included 485 pregnant women recruited at Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de S. João, Porto, between the 10th and 13th gestational weeks. Partial scores for knowledge on iodine importance, on iodine food sources or on iodised salt were obtained through the application of a structured questionnaire. Then, a total iodine knowledge score was calculated and grouped into low, medium and high knowledge categories. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured in spot urine samples by inductively coupled plasma MS. Of the pregnant women, 54 % correctly recognised iodine as important to neurocognitive development, 32 % were unable to identify any iodine-rich food and 71 % presented lack of knowledge regarding iodised salt. Of the women, 61 % had a medium total score of iodine knowledge. Knowledge on iodine importance during pregnancy was positively associated with iodine supplementation and also with UIC. Nevertheless, median UIC in women who correctly recognised the importance of iodine was below the cut-off for adequacy in pregnancy (150 µg/l). In conclusion, knowledge on iodine importance is positively associated with iodine status. Despite this, recognising iodine importance during pregnancy may not be sufficient to ensure iodine adequacy. Literacy-promoting actions are urgently needed to improve iodine status in pregnancy.
Cátia Pinheiro; Nara Xavier Moreira; Pedro Ferreira; Cláudia Matta Coelho; Juliana Guimarães; Gonçalo Pereira; Alice Cortez; Isabella Bracchi; Diogo Pestana; Inês Barreiros Mota; Carmo Prucha; Cristina Martins; Célia Alves Ribeiro; Edgar Pinto; Agostinho Almeida; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Nuno Montenegro; Cláudia Camila Dias; André Moreira-Rosário; Luís Filipe Ribeiro de Azevedo; Anne-Lise Brantsæter; Carla Ramalho; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; João Costa Leite; Conceição Calhau; Elisa Keating. Iodine knowledge is associated with iodine status in Portuguese pregnant women: results from the IoMum cohort study. British Journal of Nutrition 2021, 1 -9.
AMA StyleCátia Pinheiro, Nara Xavier Moreira, Pedro Ferreira, Cláudia Matta Coelho, Juliana Guimarães, Gonçalo Pereira, Alice Cortez, Isabella Bracchi, Diogo Pestana, Inês Barreiros Mota, Carmo Prucha, Cristina Martins, Célia Alves Ribeiro, Edgar Pinto, Agostinho Almeida, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Nuno Montenegro, Cláudia Camila Dias, André Moreira-Rosário, Luís Filipe Ribeiro de Azevedo, Anne-Lise Brantsæter, Carla Ramalho, Virgínia Cruz Fernandes, João Costa Leite, Conceição Calhau, Elisa Keating. Iodine knowledge is associated with iodine status in Portuguese pregnant women: results from the IoMum cohort study. British Journal of Nutrition. 2021; ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCátia Pinheiro; Nara Xavier Moreira; Pedro Ferreira; Cláudia Matta Coelho; Juliana Guimarães; Gonçalo Pereira; Alice Cortez; Isabella Bracchi; Diogo Pestana; Inês Barreiros Mota; Carmo Prucha; Cristina Martins; Célia Alves Ribeiro; Edgar Pinto; Agostinho Almeida; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Nuno Montenegro; Cláudia Camila Dias; André Moreira-Rosário; Luís Filipe Ribeiro de Azevedo; Anne-Lise Brantsæter; Carla Ramalho; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; João Costa Leite; Conceição Calhau; Elisa Keating. 2021. "Iodine knowledge is associated with iodine status in Portuguese pregnant women: results from the IoMum cohort study." British Journal of Nutrition , no. : 1-9.
The role of milk and dairy products in supplying iodine to pregnant women is unknown in Portugal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between milk and dairy product consumption and the iodine status of pregnant women in the IoMum cohort of the Oporto region. Pregnant women were recruited between 10 and 13 weeks of gestation, when they provided a spot urine sample and information on lifestyle and intake of iodine-rich foods. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was determined by inductively coupled plasma MS. A total of 468 pregnant women (269 iodine supplement users and 199 non-supplement users) were considered eligible for analysis. Milk (but not yogurt or cheese) intake was positively associated with UIC, in the whole population (P = 0·02) and in the non-supplement users (P = 0·002), but not in the supplement users (P = 0·29). In non-supplement users, adjusted multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that milk consumption <3 times/month was associated with a five times increased risk of having UIC < 50 µg/l when compared with milk consumption ≥2 times/d (OR 5·4; 95 % CI 1·55, 18·78; P = 0·008). The highest UIC was observed in supplement users who reported consuming milk once per d (160 µg/l). Milk, but not yogurt or cheese, was positively associated with iodine status of pregnant women. Despite the observed positive association, daily milk consumption may not be sufficient to ensure adequate iodine intake in this population.
Pedro Ferreira; Cátia Pinheiro; Cláudia Matta Coelho; Juliana Guimarães; Gonçalo Pereira; Nara Xavier Moreira; Alice Cortez; Isabella Bracchi; Diogo Pestana; Inês Barreiros Mota; Carmo Prucha; Cristina Martins; Célia Alves Ribeiro; Edgar Pinto; Agostinho Almeida; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Nuno Montenegro; Cláudia Camila Dias; André Moreira-Rosário; Luís Filipe Azevedo; Anne-Lise Brantsæter; Carla Ramalho; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Conceição Calhau; João Costa Leite; Elisa Keating. The association of milk and dairy consumption with iodine status in pregnant women in Oporto region. British Journal of Nutrition 2021, 1 -9.
AMA StylePedro Ferreira, Cátia Pinheiro, Cláudia Matta Coelho, Juliana Guimarães, Gonçalo Pereira, Nara Xavier Moreira, Alice Cortez, Isabella Bracchi, Diogo Pestana, Inês Barreiros Mota, Carmo Prucha, Cristina Martins, Célia Alves Ribeiro, Edgar Pinto, Agostinho Almeida, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Nuno Montenegro, Cláudia Camila Dias, André Moreira-Rosário, Luís Filipe Azevedo, Anne-Lise Brantsæter, Carla Ramalho, Virgínia Cruz Fernandes, Conceição Calhau, João Costa Leite, Elisa Keating. The association of milk and dairy consumption with iodine status in pregnant women in Oporto region. British Journal of Nutrition. 2021; ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro Ferreira; Cátia Pinheiro; Cláudia Matta Coelho; Juliana Guimarães; Gonçalo Pereira; Nara Xavier Moreira; Alice Cortez; Isabella Bracchi; Diogo Pestana; Inês Barreiros Mota; Carmo Prucha; Cristina Martins; Célia Alves Ribeiro; Edgar Pinto; Agostinho Almeida; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Nuno Montenegro; Cláudia Camila Dias; André Moreira-Rosário; Luís Filipe Azevedo; Anne-Lise Brantsæter; Carla Ramalho; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Conceição Calhau; João Costa Leite; Elisa Keating. 2021. "The association of milk and dairy consumption with iodine status in pregnant women in Oporto region." British Journal of Nutrition , no. : 1-9.
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are synthetic compounds less used nowadays due to their toxicity combined with slow degradation which leads to accumulation in the environment. Gas-diffusion microextraction (GDME) was employed prior to gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For the first time, the low-cost, eco-friendly GDME system was used to extract the OCPs directly from milk samples and associated with GC-ECD. Parameters that affect GDME's performance (extract volume, extraction time, and temperature) were optimized. The calibration curves of all OCPs (α- and β-hexachlorocyclohexane, lindane, hexachlorobenzene, p,p′-DDE, aldrin, dieldrin, and α-endosulfan) had coefficients of determination (r2) ranging from 0.991 to 0.995, and limits of detection (LODs) values ranging from 3.7 to 4.8 µg L−1. This method also provided satisfactory values for precision with relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 10% and recoveries above 90%. As a proof-of-concept, several commercial milk samples were analyzed, aldrin was found in one of them but below the maximum residue limits.
Alnilan Lobato; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; João Grosso Pacheco; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Luís Moreira Gonçalves. Organochlorine pesticide analysis in milk by gas-diffusion microextraction with gas chromatography-electron capture detection and confirmation by mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 2020, 1636, 461797 .
AMA StyleAlnilan Lobato, Virgínia Cruz Fernandes, João Grosso Pacheco, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Luís Moreira Gonçalves. Organochlorine pesticide analysis in milk by gas-diffusion microextraction with gas chromatography-electron capture detection and confirmation by mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2020; 1636 ():461797.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlnilan Lobato; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; João Grosso Pacheco; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Luís Moreira Gonçalves. 2020. "Organochlorine pesticide analysis in milk by gas-diffusion microextraction with gas chromatography-electron capture detection and confirmation by mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A 1636, no. : 461797.
The importance of food quality has become a crucial issue due to the widespread use of pesticides in agriculture. The frequent use of pesticides has resulted in contamination of the environmental, fruit crops and also caused potential risk to human health. Strawberries are at the top of the list of fruits with the highest concentration of pesticides. To date, several analytical techniques have been used for the extraction and detection of pesticides in strawberries, from classic to advanced analysis methodologies. In this chapter, the studies published by the scientific community performed from 2000 to the present, concerning the extraction and analysis of pesticide residues in strawberries, were discussed. The most broadly used detection technique for the analyse of pesticides in strawberries is mass spectrometry combined with gas and/or liquid chromatography. In general, multi-residue methods with selective sample treatment methodologies have been developed for this purpose. Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS), liquid-liquid, solid-liquid, and solid-phase extraction and microextractions are the selected sample preparation techniques. The analytical parameters of the methodology and the findings on pesticide residues are described. The presented chapter shows the importance of these data in terms of food safety on the situation regarding pesticide residue in strawberries and human health regarding the risk of the ingestion of pesticides contaminated strawberries.
Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; M. Luz Maia; Luísa Correia Sá; Sara Sousa; Paula Paíga; José L. Vera; Valentina F. Domingues; Cristina Delerue-Matos. Extraction Procedures and Chromatography of Pesticides Residues in Strawberries. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 2020, 167 -201.
AMA StyleVirgínia Cruz Fernandes, M. Luz Maia, Luísa Correia Sá, Sara Sousa, Paula Paíga, José L. Vera, Valentina F. Domingues, Cristina Delerue-Matos. Extraction Procedures and Chromatography of Pesticides Residues in Strawberries. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. 2020; ():167-201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVirgínia Cruz Fernandes; M. Luz Maia; Luísa Correia Sá; Sara Sousa; Paula Paíga; José L. Vera; Valentina F. Domingues; Cristina Delerue-Matos. 2020. "Extraction Procedures and Chromatography of Pesticides Residues in Strawberries." Sustainable Agriculture Reviews , no. : 167-201.
Pyrethroids are a class of extensively used insecticides for human and animal health protection. Concern has been growing about the possible human health effects from environmental exposure, e.g. chronic exposure to low levels, to pyrethroids. Several metabolites, specific or common to different pyrethroids, can be used for the assessment of pyrethroids exposure. 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid is a major urinary biomarker for numerous pyrethroids used nowadays and has been extensively analyzed and reported. Biomonitoring pyrethroids in human samples is undoubtedly necessary in order to support the clarification of potential correlations between exposure and adverse health effects. The present chapter is an overview of pyrethroids’ metabolitesanalyses in human urine samples, including analytical methods and reported values. Data from several studies from 1990 until March 2019 were collected. Studies from different countries and continents that assess exposure in diverse populations are addressed and different applied analytical methodologies are also discussed. Additionally, human biomonitoring was performed based on highly sensitive analytical methods and reports values for several metabolites, showing the relevance of human biomonitoring of pyrethroids. Some metabolites were below the human biomonitoring assessment values of 2 μg/L for the general population. However, we must consider that exceeds in the upper exposure percentiles of the general population, e.g. children.
Luísa Correia Sá; Sara Sousa; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; M. Luz Maia; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Valentina F. Domingues. Pyrethroids Metabolites in Human Urine Samples. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 2020, 227 -270.
AMA StyleLuísa Correia Sá, Sara Sousa, Virgínia Cruz Fernandes, M. Luz Maia, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Valentina F. Domingues. Pyrethroids Metabolites in Human Urine Samples. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. 2020; ():227-270.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuísa Correia Sá; Sara Sousa; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; M. Luz Maia; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Valentina F. Domingues. 2020. "Pyrethroids Metabolites in Human Urine Samples." Sustainable Agriculture Reviews , no. : 227-270.
In addition to environmental pollution issues, social concerns about the sustainability, safety, and quality of conventionally grown fruits and vegetables have been increasing. In order to evaluate if there were any microbiological differences between samples of organic and conventional lettuce, a wide range of parameters were tested, including pathogens and indicator organisms: the enumeration of Escherichia coli; the detection of Salmonella spp.; the detection/enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes; the enumeration of lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. yeasts and molds, and Enterobacteriaceae. This study also evaluated the chemical safety of the lettuce samples, quantifying the nitrate concentration and 20 pesticides (14 organochlorine and 6 organophosphorus pesticides). Significant differences (p < 0.05) between the conventional and organic samples were only detected for the counts of total microorganisms at 30 °C. Pathogens were absent in all the samples. The analytical method, using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) approach for pesticide extraction, was suitable for detecting the targeted analytes; the limit of quantification (LOQ) was between 0.6 and 1.8 µg/kg (lower than the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) established by EU legislation). In three organic lettuce samples, one organochlorine pesticide (α-HCH) was observed below the MRLs. For the samples analyzed and for the parameters investigated, except for the total mesophilic counts, the organic and conventional lettuces were not different.
Catarina Ferreira; Filipa Lopes; Reginaldo Costa; Norton Komora; Vânia Ferreira; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Paula Teixeira. Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Portuguese Lettuce—Results of a Case Study. Foods 2020, 9, 1274 .
AMA StyleCatarina Ferreira, Filipa Lopes, Reginaldo Costa, Norton Komora, Vânia Ferreira, Virgínia Cruz Fernandes, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Paula Teixeira. Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Portuguese Lettuce—Results of a Case Study. Foods. 2020; 9 (9):1274.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCatarina Ferreira; Filipa Lopes; Reginaldo Costa; Norton Komora; Vânia Ferreira; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Paula Teixeira. 2020. "Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Portuguese Lettuce—Results of a Case Study." Foods 9, no. 9: 1274.
The goal of this study was to examine how IQ changes (the Flynn effect) among school-aged children in Portugal behaved over a period of 25 years (1991, 2008 and 2016) that registered major economic transformations in the country. The country's initial move to prosperity was followed by a recent move into recession, which might affect IQ gains. Changes in IQ by level of intellectual ability were also inspected. Children's scores on Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices in Portugal were compared between the years 1991, 2008 and 2016. Differences in IQs were calculated according to Flynn's (1987) procedures. In addition, percentile distributions of children's scores in the period of economic growth (between 1991 and 2008) were compared for inspection of IQ changes across levels of intellectual ability. Results showed an IQ gain of 2.6 points per decade from 1991 to 2008, followed by a smaller increase (of 1.7 points per decade) from 2008 to 2016, with negative gains observed for seven-, eight- and 10-year-old children. The gains in IQ from 1991 to 2008 have occurred mainly for lower levels of intellectual ability. IQ relative gains accompanied the country's economic fluctuations, and children in lower levels of intellectual ability seemed to have benefitted the most from the economic growth. The trends in the country are suggestive of the influence of economic fluctuations on family dynamics, which, although moderated by education, have consequences for children's cognitive development.
Irene P. Carvalho; Ana Costa; Sofia Silva; Bárbara Moreira; Agostinho Almeida; André Moreira-Rosário; António Guerra; Bruno Peixoto; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Diana Sintra; Diogo Pestana; Edgar Pinto; Francisca De Castro Mendes; Inês Martins; João Costa Leite; José Carlos Caldas; Manuel Fontoura; M Luz Maia; Pedro Queirós; Roxana Moreira; Sandra Leal; Sónia Norberto; Vera da Costa; Virgínia Fernandes; Elisa Keating; Luís Azevedo; Conceição Calhau. Children’s performance on Raven’s Coloured progressive matrices in Portugal: The Flynn effect. Intelligence 2020, 82, 101485 .
AMA StyleIrene P. Carvalho, Ana Costa, Sofia Silva, Bárbara Moreira, Agostinho Almeida, André Moreira-Rosário, António Guerra, Bruno Peixoto, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Diana Sintra, Diogo Pestana, Edgar Pinto, Francisca De Castro Mendes, Inês Martins, João Costa Leite, José Carlos Caldas, Manuel Fontoura, M Luz Maia, Pedro Queirós, Roxana Moreira, Sandra Leal, Sónia Norberto, Vera da Costa, Virgínia Fernandes, Elisa Keating, Luís Azevedo, Conceição Calhau. Children’s performance on Raven’s Coloured progressive matrices in Portugal: The Flynn effect. Intelligence. 2020; 82 ():101485.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrene P. Carvalho; Ana Costa; Sofia Silva; Bárbara Moreira; Agostinho Almeida; André Moreira-Rosário; António Guerra; Bruno Peixoto; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Diana Sintra; Diogo Pestana; Edgar Pinto; Francisca De Castro Mendes; Inês Martins; João Costa Leite; José Carlos Caldas; Manuel Fontoura; M Luz Maia; Pedro Queirós; Roxana Moreira; Sandra Leal; Sónia Norberto; Vera da Costa; Virgínia Fernandes; Elisa Keating; Luís Azevedo; Conceição Calhau. 2020. "Children’s performance on Raven’s Coloured progressive matrices in Portugal: The Flynn effect." Intelligence 82, no. : 101485.
An electrochemical magnetic immunosensing strategy was developed for the determination of HER2-ECD, a breast cancer biomarker, and breast cancer cells in human serum. A sandwich assay was performed on carboxylic acid-functionalized magnetic beads (MBs) using a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) as transducer surface. The affinity process was detected using electroactive labels; core/shell streptavidin-modified [email protected] Quantum Dots (QDs). Cd2+ ions, released from the QDs, were determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). An assay time of 90 min, with an actual hands-on time of about 20 min, a linear range between 0.50–50 ng·mL−1 of HER2-ECD and a limit of detection of 0.29 ng·mL−1 were achieved. Analysis of live breast cancer cells was also performed using the optimized assay. Breast cancer cell lines SK-BR-3 (a HER2-positive cell line), MDA-MB-231 (a HER2-negative cell line) and MCF-7 (a cell line with low HER2 expression) were tested. The selectivity of the assay towards SK-BR-3 cells was confirmed. A concentration-dependent signal that was 12.5× higher than the signal obtained for the HER2-negative cells (MDA-MB-231) and a limit of detection of 2 cells·mL−1 was obtained. Schematic representation of the electrochemical immunomagnetic assay for the determination of the breast cancer biomarker HER2-ECD and cancer cells using magnetic beads (MBs), a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) as transducer surface and quantum dots (QD) as electroactive labels.
Maria Freitas; Henri P. A. Nouws; Elisa Keating; Virginia Cruz Fernandes; Cristina Delerue-Matos. Immunomagnetic bead-based bioassay for the voltammetric analysis of the breast cancer biomarker HER2-ECD and tumour cells using quantum dots as detection labels. Microchimica Acta 2020, 187, 1 -10.
AMA StyleMaria Freitas, Henri P. A. Nouws, Elisa Keating, Virginia Cruz Fernandes, Cristina Delerue-Matos. Immunomagnetic bead-based bioassay for the voltammetric analysis of the breast cancer biomarker HER2-ECD and tumour cells using quantum dots as detection labels. Microchimica Acta. 2020; 187 (3):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Freitas; Henri P. A. Nouws; Elisa Keating; Virginia Cruz Fernandes; Cristina Delerue-Matos. 2020. "Immunomagnetic bead-based bioassay for the voltammetric analysis of the breast cancer biomarker HER2-ECD and tumour cells using quantum dots as detection labels." Microchimica Acta 187, no. 3: 1-10.
One of the main challenges for analytical laboratories and food safety authorities is the control of food contaminants hazardous to human health. For the first time, a simple, fast and cost-effective sample preparation method is proposed as an extraction technique to determine 12 brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (7 congeners polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and 5 novel BFRs) in Capsicum cultivars. Different QuEChERS and dispersive solid-phase extract (d-SPE) sorbent compositions were evaluated in terms of recovery and matrix effects. The best results were obtained with citrate buffered version QuEChERS and a cleanup step, with 150 mg MgSO4, 50 mg PSA, 50 mg C18, and 5 mg of carbon. The limit of detection (LOD) was between 1.4-9.3 µg/kg and R2>0.99. Recoveries and matrix effects were between 66-104% and 0.58-2.18, respectively. The relative standard deviations from repeatability and reproducibility studies and estimation of measurement uncertainty were lower than 20%. Gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer was used to confirm the presence of the BFRs in the samples. Novel BFRs were detected lower than the LOD.
Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Ward Luts; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Valentina Fernandes Domingues. Improved QuEChERS for Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Novel Brominated Flame Retardants in Capsicum Cultivars Using Gas Chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2020, 68, 3260 -3266.
AMA StyleVirgínia Cruz Fernandes, Ward Luts, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Valentina Fernandes Domingues. Improved QuEChERS for Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Novel Brominated Flame Retardants in Capsicum Cultivars Using Gas Chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2020; 68 (10):3260-3266.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVirgínia Cruz Fernandes; Ward Luts; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Valentina Fernandes Domingues. 2020. "Improved QuEChERS for Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Novel Brominated Flame Retardants in Capsicum Cultivars Using Gas Chromatography." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68, no. 10: 3260-3266.
A sample preparation method, QuEChERS extraction combined with a magnetic micro dispersive solid phase extraction (MµdSPE), was optimized and evaluated for the trace analysis of 9 brominated flame retardants in red fruit samples (strawberries, blueberries, and raspberries) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Magnetic nanomaterials were used as sorbents providing an extraction of the target compounds. Linearity was established for all the analytes (from 10 to 200 µg kg−1). Seven concentration levels were analyzed with three measurements at each concentration. Linear responses (R2 > 0.99) were obtained, recoveries of all target analytes were within the range of 65–141%, relative standard deviations were <20% at all three spiking levels, while intraday and interday precisions were below 20%. This study demonstrated that the new sample preparation with magnetic nanoparticles could potentially be expanded to extract and pre-concentrate the BFRs in different red fruit samples. The method has been successfully applied to study BFRs in 12 samples from conventional and organic farming.
Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Maria Castro Freitas; João G. Pacheco; Valentina Domingues; Cristina Delerue-Matos. Evaluation of the QuEChERS and magnetic micro dispersive solid-phase extraction of brominated flame retardants in red fruits with determination by GC/MS. Food Chemistry 2019, 309, 125572 .
AMA StyleVirgínia Cruz Fernandes, Maria Castro Freitas, João G. Pacheco, Valentina Domingues, Cristina Delerue-Matos. Evaluation of the QuEChERS and magnetic micro dispersive solid-phase extraction of brominated flame retardants in red fruits with determination by GC/MS. Food Chemistry. 2019; 309 ():125572.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVirgínia Cruz Fernandes; Maria Castro Freitas; João G. Pacheco; Valentina Domingues; Cristina Delerue-Matos. 2019. "Evaluation of the QuEChERS and magnetic micro dispersive solid-phase extraction of brominated flame retardants in red fruits with determination by GC/MS." Food Chemistry 309, no. : 125572.
S. Sousa; M. L. Maia; L. Correira-Sá; V. C. Fernandes; C. Delerue-Matos; C. Calhau; V. F. Domingues. Chemistry and Toxicology Behind Insecticides and Herbicides. Controlled Release of Pesticides for Sustainable Agriculture 2019, 59 -109.
AMA StyleS. Sousa, M. L. Maia, L. Correira-Sá, V. C. Fernandes, C. Delerue-Matos, C. Calhau, V. F. Domingues. Chemistry and Toxicology Behind Insecticides and Herbicides. Controlled Release of Pesticides for Sustainable Agriculture. 2019; ():59-109.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Sousa; M. L. Maia; L. Correira-Sá; V. C. Fernandes; C. Delerue-Matos; C. Calhau; V. F. Domingues. 2019. "Chemistry and Toxicology Behind Insecticides and Herbicides." Controlled Release of Pesticides for Sustainable Agriculture , no. : 59-109.
Biomarkers are recognised sensitive early-warning tools of biological effects in aquatic organisms. In this scope, the main aim of this study was to investigate the potential usefulness of a battery of biomarkers, evaluated in different benthic macroinvertebrate taxa, to discriminate aquatic ecosystems with different levels of ecological status and to provide further clues supporting environmental management. The study took place during the autumn of 2013 and the spring and summer of 2014, and the study cases were two Mediterranean rivers (Âncora and Ferreira rivers), differing in their ecological status. The biomarkers determined are widely employed and comprise a large set of biochemical responses: the activity of enzymes (cholinesterases, glutathione S-transferases, catalase and lactate dehydrogenase) and the levels of lipid peroxidation. They were assessed seasonally and in different macroinvertebrate taxa. Thirteen water physico-chemical parameters were also seasonally determined, and the concentration of seven organophosphorus pesticides and the percentage of 32 trace metals in sediments were determined in the spring. This is particularly useful for water management. Based on this, authorities can take actions to prevent further damage in the ecological status. Multivariate analyses showed distinct patterns of biological response for the Calopteryx spp., Chironomidae and Baetis spp. taxa. Calopteryx spp. and Chironomidae, in particular, showed distinct response patterns for the two rivers, which were fairly stable across seasons. This study sets the foundations for future cost-effective biomonitoring campaigns in Mediterranean rivers, allowing to establish historical data important to understand ecosystem evolution, as well as baseline levels of diagnostic biomarkers in informative macroinvertebrate taxa.
Carolina Rodrigues; Ana Bio; Laura Guimarães; Virgínia C. Fernandes; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Natividade Vieira. Assessing the ecological status of fluvial ecosystems employing a macroinvertebrate multi-taxon and multi-biomarker approach. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2019, 191, 1 -31.
AMA StyleCarolina Rodrigues, Ana Bio, Laura Guimarães, Virgínia C. Fernandes, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Natividade Vieira. Assessing the ecological status of fluvial ecosystems employing a macroinvertebrate multi-taxon and multi-biomarker approach. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2019; 191 (8):1-31.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarolina Rodrigues; Ana Bio; Laura Guimarães; Virgínia C. Fernandes; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Natividade Vieira. 2019. "Assessing the ecological status of fluvial ecosystems employing a macroinvertebrate multi-taxon and multi-biomarker approach." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191, no. 8: 1-31.
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with different sizes and characteristics were synthesized to be used as a QuEChERS sorbents for the determination of seven organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in strawberries by gas chromatography analysis with flame photometric and mass spectrometry detection. To achieve the optimum conditions of modified QuEChERS procedure several parameters affecting the cleanup efficiency including the amount of the sorbents and cleanup time were investigated. The results were compared with classical QuEChERS methodologies and the modified QuEChERS procedure using MNPs showed the better performance. Under the optimum conditions of the new methodology, three spiking levels (25, 50 and 100 μg kg−1) were evaluated in a strawberry sample. The results showed that the average recovery was 93% and the relative standard deviation was less than 12%. The enrichment factor ranged from 111 to 145%. The good linearity with coefficients of determination of 0.9904–0.9991 was obtained over the range of 25–250 μg kg−1 for 7 OPPs. It was determined that the MNPs have an excellent function as sorbent when purified even using less amount of sorbents and the magnetic properties allowed non-use of the centrifugation in cleanup step. The new methodology was applied in strawberry samples from conventional and organic farming. The new sorbents were successfully applied for extraction and determination of OPPs in strawberries.
Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Maria Castro Freitas; João Pacheco; José Maria Oliveira; Valentina Fernandes Domingues; Cristina Delerue-Matos. Magnetic dispersive micro solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography determination of organophosphorus pesticides in strawberries. Journal of Chromatography A 2018, 1566, 1 -12.
AMA StyleVirgínia Cruz Fernandes, Maria Castro Freitas, João Pacheco, José Maria Oliveira, Valentina Fernandes Domingues, Cristina Delerue-Matos. Magnetic dispersive micro solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography determination of organophosphorus pesticides in strawberries. Journal of Chromatography A. 2018; 1566 ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVirgínia Cruz Fernandes; Maria Castro Freitas; João Pacheco; José Maria Oliveira; Valentina Fernandes Domingues; Cristina Delerue-Matos. 2018. "Magnetic dispersive micro solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography determination of organophosphorus pesticides in strawberries." Journal of Chromatography A 1566, no. : 1-12.
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as p,p’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p’-DDE), are bioaccumulated in the adipose tissue (AT) and have been implicated in the obesity and diabetes epidemic. Thus, it is hypothesized that p,p’-DDE exposure could aggravate the harm of an obesogenic context. We explored the effects of 12 weeks exposure in male Wistar rats’ metabolism and AT biology, assessing a range of metabolic, biochemical and histological parameters. p,p’-DDE -treatment exacerbated several of the metabolic syndrome-accompanying features induced by high-fat diet (HF), such as dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance and hypertension. A transcriptome analysis comparing mesenteric visceral AT (vAT) of HF and HF/DDE groups revealed a decrease in expression of nervous system and tissue development-related genes, with special relevance for the neuropeptide galanin that also revealed DNA methylation changes at its promoter region. Additionally, we observed an increase in transcription of dipeptidylpeptidase 4, as well as a plasmatic increase of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Our results suggest that p,p’-DDE impairs vAT normal function and effectively decreases the dynamic response to energy surplus. We conclude that p,p’-DDE does not merely accumulate in fat, but may contribute significantly to the development of metabolic dysfunction and inflammation. Our findings reinforce their recognition as metabolism disrupting chemicals, even in non-obesogenic contexts.
Diogo Pestana; Diana Teixeira; Manuela Meireles; Cláudia Marques; Sónia Norberto; Carla Correia de Sá; Virgínia Fernandes; Luísa Correia-Sá; Ana Faria; Luísa Guardão; João T. Guimarães; Wendy N. Cooper; Ionel Sandovici; Valentina F. Domingues; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Rosário Monteiro; Miguel Constancia; Conceição Calhau. Adipose tissue dysfunction as a central mechanism leading to dysmetabolic obesity triggered by chronic exposure to p,p’-DDE. Scientific Reports 2017, 7, 1 -16.
AMA StyleDiogo Pestana, Diana Teixeira, Manuela Meireles, Cláudia Marques, Sónia Norberto, Carla Correia de Sá, Virgínia Fernandes, Luísa Correia-Sá, Ana Faria, Luísa Guardão, João T. Guimarães, Wendy N. Cooper, Ionel Sandovici, Valentina F. Domingues, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Rosário Monteiro, Miguel Constancia, Conceição Calhau. Adipose tissue dysfunction as a central mechanism leading to dysmetabolic obesity triggered by chronic exposure to p,p’-DDE. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7 (1):1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiogo Pestana; Diana Teixeira; Manuela Meireles; Cláudia Marques; Sónia Norberto; Carla Correia de Sá; Virgínia Fernandes; Luísa Correia-Sá; Ana Faria; Luísa Guardão; João T. Guimarães; Wendy N. Cooper; Ionel Sandovici; Valentina F. Domingues; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Rosário Monteiro; Miguel Constancia; Conceição Calhau. 2017. "Adipose tissue dysfunction as a central mechanism leading to dysmetabolic obesity triggered by chronic exposure to p,p’-DDE." Scientific Reports 7, no. 1: 1-16.
The World Health Organization promotes salt iodisation to control iodine deficiency. In Portugal, the use of iodised salt in school canteens has been mandatory since 2013. The present study aimed to evaluate iodine status in school-aged children (6–12 years) and to monitor the use of iodised salt in school canteens. A total of 2018 participants were randomly selected to participate in a cross-sectional survey in northern Portugal. Children’s urine and salt samples from households and school canteens were collected. A lifestyle questionnaire was completed by parents to assess children’s eating frequency of iodine food sources. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The median UIC was 129 µg/L which indicates the adequacy of iodine status and 32% of the children had UIC < 100 µg/L. No school canteen implemented the iodised salt policy and only 2% of the households were using iodised salt. Lower consumption of milk, but not fish, was associated with a higher risk of iodine deficiency. Estimation of sodium intake from spot urine samples could be an opportunity for adequate monitoring of population means. Implementation of iodine deficiency control policies should include a monitoring program aligned with the commitment of reducing the population salt intake.
João Costa Leite; Elisa Keating; Diogo Pestana; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Maria Luz Maia; Sónia Norberto; Edgar Pinto; André Moreira-Rosário; Diana Sintra; Bárbara Moreira; Ana Costa; Sofia Silva; Vera Costa; Inês Martins; Francisca Castro Mendes; Pedro Queirós; Bruno Peixoto; José Carlos Caldas; António Guerra; Manuel Fontoura; Sandra Leal; Roxana Moreira; Irene Palmares Carvalho; Rui Matias Lima; Catia Martins; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Agostinho Almeida; Luís Azevedo; Conceição Calhau. Iodine Status and Iodised Salt Consumption in Portuguese School-Aged Children: The Iogeneration Study. Nutrients 2017, 9, 458 .
AMA StyleJoão Costa Leite, Elisa Keating, Diogo Pestana, Virgínia Cruz Fernandes, Maria Luz Maia, Sónia Norberto, Edgar Pinto, André Moreira-Rosário, Diana Sintra, Bárbara Moreira, Ana Costa, Sofia Silva, Vera Costa, Inês Martins, Francisca Castro Mendes, Pedro Queirós, Bruno Peixoto, José Carlos Caldas, António Guerra, Manuel Fontoura, Sandra Leal, Roxana Moreira, Irene Palmares Carvalho, Rui Matias Lima, Catia Martins, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Agostinho Almeida, Luís Azevedo, Conceição Calhau. Iodine Status and Iodised Salt Consumption in Portuguese School-Aged Children: The Iogeneration Study. Nutrients. 2017; 9 (5):458.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoão Costa Leite; Elisa Keating; Diogo Pestana; Virgínia Cruz Fernandes; Maria Luz Maia; Sónia Norberto; Edgar Pinto; André Moreira-Rosário; Diana Sintra; Bárbara Moreira; Ana Costa; Sofia Silva; Vera Costa; Inês Martins; Francisca Castro Mendes; Pedro Queirós; Bruno Peixoto; José Carlos Caldas; António Guerra; Manuel Fontoura; Sandra Leal; Roxana Moreira; Irene Palmares Carvalho; Rui Matias Lima; Catia Martins; Cristina Delerue-Matos; Agostinho Almeida; Luís Azevedo; Conceição Calhau. 2017. "Iodine Status and Iodised Salt Consumption in Portuguese School-Aged Children: The Iogeneration Study." Nutrients 9, no. 5: 458.
The acylation of procyanidin B4 with a saturated fatty acid chloride containing 18 carbon atoms was studied in order to obtain procyanidin B4 3-O-di-stearic acid conjugate. This compound was structurally characterised by mass spectrometry and 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Derivatization of malvidin-3-glucoside using stearoyl chloride in acetonitrile was also performed yielding mono-, di- and tri-stearic ester derivatives. The novel derivatives obtained revealed significant antioxidant activity, although lower than the respective precursors. However, the chemical modification of anthocyanins and procyanidins (water soluble pigments) to more lipophilic compounds has the advantage of increased bioavailability in biological matrices, and to potentiate their application in food matrices and cosmetic products.
Luis Cruz; Virgínia Fernandes; Paula Araújo; Nuno Mateus; Victor Freitas. Synthesis, characterisation and antioxidant features of procyanidin B4 and malvidin-3-glucoside stearic acid derivatives. Food Chemistry 2015, 174, 480 -486.
AMA StyleLuis Cruz, Virgínia Fernandes, Paula Araújo, Nuno Mateus, Victor Freitas. Synthesis, characterisation and antioxidant features of procyanidin B4 and malvidin-3-glucoside stearic acid derivatives. Food Chemistry. 2015; 174 ():480-486.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Cruz; Virgínia Fernandes; Paula Araújo; Nuno Mateus; Victor Freitas. 2015. "Synthesis, characterisation and antioxidant features of procyanidin B4 and malvidin-3-glucoside stearic acid derivatives." Food Chemistry 174, no. : 480-486.