The article presents the results of empirical research on the impact of ozone dissolved in fuel-water emulsion on combustion process and concentration of toxic substances in CI engine. The effect of ozone presence in the emulsion and its influence on main engine characteristics (power, torque, fuel consumption) and selected parameters that characterize combustion process (levels of pressures and temperatures in combustion chamber, period of combustion delay, heat release rate, fuel burnt rate) is shown. The change in concentration of toxic components in exhausts gases when engine is fueled with ozonized emulsion was also identified. The empirical research and their analysis showed significant differences in the combustion process when fuel-water emulsion containing ozone was used. These differences include: increased power and efficiency of the engine that are accompanied by reduction in time of combustion delay and beneficial effects of ozone on HC, PM, CO and NO_X emissions.

The road transport sector is a key source of carbon dioxide and air pollutants. Mathematical modeling is frequently used to assess the sector’s contribution to the total national emissions budget (inventory). The present article focuses on studying the impacts of the fuel used (LPG, CNG, gasoline, diesel, and biofuel), the Euro standard, and the structure of vehicles on CO₂, NO_X, and PM2.5 emissions. This paper presents the results of mathematical simulations of the influence of the fuel type and Euro standards on pollutant emissions. Two scenarios were considered in terms of the effect on CO₂, NO_X, and PM2.5 emissions: one focused on changing the current fleet and introducing Euro 6/VI vehicles, and the second scenario focused on cities adding low-pollution zones (only Euro 6 vehicles and PHEVs, HEVs, and BEVs entering the city). The results of the simulations showed that Euro 6/IV vehicles emit significantly less PM2.5 and NO_X, and biofuels can substantially contribute to reducing emissions.

The presented study describes proprietary calculation methods that simulate the process of storing nitrogen dioxide elevation in a catalytic LNT reactor. The first section’s points of reference are the achievements of the article’s authors and the possibility of modeling NO₂ adsorption processes in LNT reactors. The rest of the article presents model calculations (proposed by the authors) of the course of the NO₂ storage process in LNT reactors. It considers one in its transition period, affecting the improvement and duration of the adsorption process. The conclusion presents selected results of simulation calculations obtained with the help of the equations’ authors and an evaluation of the results. A review of theoretical considerations is consistent with the experimental data, suggesting that the proposed computational solution may be used in future analytical validity assessments of LNT reactor tools under operating conditions.

This study compared CO₂ emissions during a WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Procedure) test performed on a chassis dynamometer for the same flex-fuel vehicle, fuelled sequentially with E10 gasoline and E85 fuel. Based on the test data, a CO₂ emissions map was created, describing its dependence on speed and acceleration. The use of a 3D surface enabled the visualisation of the whole dynamics of emissions as a function of engine load in the WLTP cycle, including the identification of distinct emission peaks in areas of high positive acceleration. Analysis of the emission surface enabled the identification of structural differences between the fuels. For E85, more pronounced emission increases are observed in areas of intense acceleration, a consequence of the higher fuel demand resulting from the lower calorific value of bioethanol. In steady-state and moderate-load driving, CO₂ emissions for both fuels are similar. The results confirm that the main differences between E10 and E85 are not simply a shift in emission levels per se, but stem from variations in engine load during the dynamic cycle. Although E85 emits measurable CO₂ emissions, its carbon is not of fossil origin, highlighting the importance of biofuels in the context of greenhouse gas emission reduction strategies and the pursuit of climate neutrality. The presented methodology, combining chassis dynamometer tests with analysis of the speed-acceleration emission map, provides a tool for clearly identifying emission zones and can serve as a basis for further optimisation of engine control strategies and assessing the impact of fuel composition on emissions under dynamic conditions.

The growing demand for sustainable and decentralised energy solutions drives the development of micro-scale biogas power generation systems using internal combustion engines (ICEs) as prime movers. This paper reviews the technological advances and structural configurations of ICEs designed to burn biogas in generator systems with power outputs of up to 50 kW. The study investigates the adaptation of spark-ignition and dual-fuel engines, optimisation of compression ratios, fuel delivery systems, and ignition strategies to increase efficiency and reliability. Furthermore, the impact of biogas composition on engine performance and emissions is investigated, addressing the challenges of changes in methane and pollutant content. The review provides information on recent innovations, including engine modifications to run lean and integration of advanced control systems to increase efficiency and durability. By synthesising current research and practical applications, this paper aims to guide the selection and development of optimised ICE solutions for distributed microgas power generation.