This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a threatening mycotoxin, usually provokes oxidative stress and causes hepatotoxicity in animals and humans. Luteolin (LUTN), well-known as an active phytochemical agent, acts as a strong antioxidant. This research was designed to investigate whether LUTN exerts protective effects against AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity and explore the possible molecular mechanism in mice. A total of forty-eight mice were randomly allocated following four treatment groups (n = 12): Group 1, physiological saline (CON). Group 2, treated with 0.75 mg/kg BW aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Group 3, treated with 50 mg/kg BW luteolin (LUTN), and Group 4, treated with 0.75 mg/kg BW aflatoxin B1 + 50 mg/kg BW luteolin (AFB1 + LUTN). Our findings revealed that LUTN treatment significantly alleviated growth retardation and rescued liver injury by relieving the pathological and serum biochemical alterations (ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT) under AFB1 exposure. LUTN ameliorated AFB1-induced oxidative stress by scavenging ROS and MDA accumulation and boosting the capacity of the antioxidant enzyme (CAT, T-SOD, GSH-Px and T-AOC). Moreover, LUTN treatment considerably attenuates the AFB1-induced apoptosis in mouse liver, as demonstrated by declined apoptotic cells percentage, decreased Bax, Cyt-c, caspase-3 and caspase-9 transcription and protein with increased Bcl-2 expression. Notably, administration of LUTN up-regulated the Nrf2 and its associated downstream molecules (HO-1, NQO1, GCLC, SOD1) at mRNA and protein levels under AFB1 exposure. Our results indicated that LUTN effectively alleviated AFB1-induced liver injury, and the underlying mechanisms were associated with the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Taken together, LUTN may serve as a potential mitigator against AFB1-induced liver injury and could be helpful for the development of novel treatment to combat liver diseases in humans and/or animals.
Shahid Rajput; Aftab Shaukat; Kuntan Wu; Imran Rajput; Dost Baloch; Rana Akhtar; Muhammad Raza; Agnieszka Najda; Papliński Rafał; Ashraf Albrakati; Attalla El-Kott; Mohamed Abdel-Daim. Luteolin Alleviates AflatoxinB1-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in the Liver of Mice through Activation of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1268 .
AMA StyleShahid Rajput, Aftab Shaukat, Kuntan Wu, Imran Rajput, Dost Baloch, Rana Akhtar, Muhammad Raza, Agnieszka Najda, Papliński Rafał, Ashraf Albrakati, Attalla El-Kott, Mohamed Abdel-Daim. Luteolin Alleviates AflatoxinB1-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in the Liver of Mice through Activation of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants. 2021; 10 (8):1268.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShahid Rajput; Aftab Shaukat; Kuntan Wu; Imran Rajput; Dost Baloch; Rana Akhtar; Muhammad Raza; Agnieszka Najda; Papliński Rafał; Ashraf Albrakati; Attalla El-Kott; Mohamed Abdel-Daim. 2021. "Luteolin Alleviates AflatoxinB1-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in the Liver of Mice through Activation of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway." Antioxidants 10, no. 8: 1268.
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a serious threat to the poultry industry. Proanthocyanidins (PCs) demonstrates a broad range of biological, pharmacological, therapeutic, and chemoprotective properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effects of PCs against AFB1-induced histopathology, oxidative stress, and apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in the bursa of Fabricius (BF) of broilers. One hundred forty-four one-day old Cobb chicks were randomly assigned into four treatment groups of six replicates (6 birds each replicate) for 28 days. Groups were fed on the following four diets; (1) Basal diet without addition of PCs or AFB1 (Control); (2) basal diet supplemented with 1 mg/kg AFB1 from contaminated corn (AFB1); (3) basal diet supplemented with 250 mg/kg PCs (PCs); and (4) basal diet supplemented with 1 mg/kg AFB1 + 250 mg/kg PCs (AFB1+ PCs). The present study results showed that antioxidant enzymes activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in AFB1 treated group were (p < 0.05) decreased, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly increased in comparison with the control group. Furthermore, we found that dietary PCs treatment ameliorated AFB1-induced oxidative stress in the BF through inhibiting the accumulation of MDA content and enhancing the antioxidant enzymes activities (T-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and GST). Similarly, PCs markedly enhanced messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of antioxidant genes (SOD, CAT, GPx1, and GST) in comparison with AFB1 group. Moreover, histological results showed that PCs alleviated AFB1-induced apoptotic cells in the BF of broilers. In addition, both mRNA and protein expression results manifested that mitochondrial-apoptosis-associated genes (Bax, caspase-9, caspase-3, and p53 and cytochrome c) showed up-regulation, while (Bcl-2) showed down-regulation in AFB1 fed group. The supplementation of PCs to AFB1 diet significantly reversed the mRNA and protein expression of these apoptosis-associated genes, as compared to the AFB1 group. Our results demonstrated that PCs ameliorated AFB1-induced oxidative stress by modulating the antioxidant defense system and apoptosis in the BF through mitochondrial pathway in broilers.
Shahid Ali Rajput; Cong Zhang; Yue Feng; Xiao Tian Wei; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; Imran Rashid Rajput; Dost Muhammad Baloch; Aftab Shaukat; Nasir Rajput; Hammad Qamar; Mubashar Hassan; Desheng Qi. Proanthocyanidins Alleviates AflatoxinB1-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis through Mitochondrial Pathway in the Bursa of Fabricius of Broilers. Toxins 2019, 11, 157 .
AMA StyleShahid Ali Rajput, Cong Zhang, Yue Feng, Xiao Tian Wei, Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil, Imran Rashid Rajput, Dost Muhammad Baloch, Aftab Shaukat, Nasir Rajput, Hammad Qamar, Mubashar Hassan, Desheng Qi. Proanthocyanidins Alleviates AflatoxinB1-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis through Mitochondrial Pathway in the Bursa of Fabricius of Broilers. Toxins. 2019; 11 (3):157.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShahid Ali Rajput; Cong Zhang; Yue Feng; Xiao Tian Wei; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; Imran Rashid Rajput; Dost Muhammad Baloch; Aftab Shaukat; Nasir Rajput; Hammad Qamar; Mubashar Hassan; Desheng Qi. 2019. "Proanthocyanidins Alleviates AflatoxinB1-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis through Mitochondrial Pathway in the Bursa of Fabricius of Broilers." Toxins 11, no. 3: 157.
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a widely spread mycotoxin contaminates food and feed, causing severe oxidative stress damages and immunotoxicity. Grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSPE), a natural antioxidant with wide range of pharmacological and medicinal properties. The goal of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of GSPE against AFB1-induced immunotoxicity and oxidative stress via NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways in broiler chickens. For the experiment, 240 one-day old Cobb chicks were allocated into four dietary treatment groups of six replicates (10 birds per replicate): 1. Basal diet (control); 2. Basal diet + AFB1 1mg/kg contaminated corn (AFB1); 3. Basal diet + GSPE 250 mg/kg (GSPE); 4. Basal diet + AFB1 1 mg/kg + GSPE 250 mg/kg (AFB1 + GSPE). The results showed that GSPE significantly decreased serum inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-6 induced by AFB1. Similarly, GSPE + AFB1 treated group revealed a significant decrease in mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6) in the splenic tissue compared to the AFB1 treatment group. In addition, western blotting results manifested that GSPE treatment normalized the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (p65) and the degradation of IκBα protein induced by AFB1. Furthermore, GSPE enhanced the antioxidant defense system through activating the nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf2) signaling pathway. The mRNA and protein expression level of Nrf2 and its down streaming associated genes were noted up-regulated by the addition of GSPE, and down-regulated in the AFB1 group. Taken together, GSPE alleviates AFB1-induced immunotoxicity and oxidative damage by inhibiting the NF-κB and activating the Nrf2 signaling pathways in broiler chickens. Conclusively, our results suggest that GSPE could be considered as a potential natural agent for the prevention of AFB1-induced immunotoxicity and oxidative damage.
Shahid Ali Rajput; Lvhui Sun; Ni-Ya Zhang; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; Zhao Ling; Li Chong; Shuai Wang; Imran Rashid Rajput; Dost Muhammad Bloch; Farhan Anwar Khan; Aftab Shaukat; Desheng Qi. Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Alleviates AflatoxinB1-Induced Immunotoxicity and Oxidative Stress via Modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways in Broilers. Toxins 2019, 11, 23 .
AMA StyleShahid Ali Rajput, Lvhui Sun, Ni-Ya Zhang, Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil, Zhao Ling, Li Chong, Shuai Wang, Imran Rashid Rajput, Dost Muhammad Bloch, Farhan Anwar Khan, Aftab Shaukat, Desheng Qi. Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Alleviates AflatoxinB1-Induced Immunotoxicity and Oxidative Stress via Modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways in Broilers. Toxins. 2019; 11 (1):23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShahid Ali Rajput; Lvhui Sun; Ni-Ya Zhang; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; Zhao Ling; Li Chong; Shuai Wang; Imran Rashid Rajput; Dost Muhammad Bloch; Farhan Anwar Khan; Aftab Shaukat; Desheng Qi. 2019. "Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Alleviates AflatoxinB1-Induced Immunotoxicity and Oxidative Stress via Modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways in Broilers." Toxins 11, no. 1: 23.
The presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the aquatic environment is an issue of major concern which may be a cause of increasing prevalence and severity of diseases in marine mammals. Although, cell culture model development and in vitro investigation approach is a prime need of time to progress immunotoxic research on aquatic mammals. In this study, we stablished fibroblast cell line (pantropic spotted dolphin) to assess the potential effects of PBDEs on cytokines response. Cells were grown in 6 well cell culture plate and complete media (DMEM and Ham's F12 nutrient mixture, fetal bovine serum, antibiotic and essential amino acids) was provided. The primary culture of (PSP-LWH) cells identification was achieved by vimentin (gene and protein) expressions. Karyotyping revealed pantropic spotted dolphin chromosomes 20 pairs with XX. Transfection was achieved by SV40 LT antigen and transfected cells were expended for passages. Stability of cell line was confirmed at various passages intervals using RT-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence methods. After confirmation, cell line was exposed to BDE-47 (250 ng/ml), BDE-100 (250 ng/ml) and BDE-209 (1000 ng/ml), with control group (PBS), positive control DMSO (0.1%) and negative control LPS (500 ng/ml) for 24 hr. The ELISA results showed significant increase in IL-6 in BDE- 100 and BDE-209 while IL-1β and IL-8 were found higher in BDE-47 and BDE-100. TNFα and IL-10 secretion was noted higher in control and positive control groups. Altogether, these results emphasize importance of transfected (PSP-LWHT) cell line in aquatic research and potential effects of PBDEs on fibroblast provides evident to understand immune modulating effects of PBDEs in marine mammals. The impact of PBDEs on dolphin’s fibroblast cells immune response and altered cytokine response have been presented for the first time.
Imran Rashid Rajput; Ziyang Xiao; Sun Yajing; Summra Yaqoob; Edmond Sanganyado; Huang Ying; Yu Fei; Wenhua Liu. Establishment of pantropic spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) fibroblast cell line and potential influence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) on cytokines response. Aquatic Toxicology 2018, 203, 1 -9.
AMA StyleImran Rashid Rajput, Ziyang Xiao, Sun Yajing, Summra Yaqoob, Edmond Sanganyado, Huang Ying, Yu Fei, Wenhua Liu. Establishment of pantropic spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) fibroblast cell line and potential influence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) on cytokines response. Aquatic Toxicology. 2018; 203 ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleImran Rashid Rajput; Ziyang Xiao; Sun Yajing; Summra Yaqoob; Edmond Sanganyado; Huang Ying; Yu Fei; Wenhua Liu. 2018. "Establishment of pantropic spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) fibroblast cell line and potential influence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) on cytokines response." Aquatic Toxicology 203, no. : 1-9.
The pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) (PKW) is a tropical and subtropical marine mammal commonly found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. Since the PKWs live in offshore protected territories, they are rarely seen onshore. Hence, PKW are one of the most poorly understood oceanic species of odontocetes. The dermal tissue comes primarily from stranding events that occur along the coast of the Shantou, Guangdong, China. The sampled tissues were immediately processed and attached on collagen-coated 6-well tissue culture plate. The complete medium (DMEM and Ham’s F12, fetal bovine serum, antibiotic and essential amino acids) was added to the culture plates. The primary culture (PKW-LWH) cells were verified as fibroblast by vimentin and karyotype analyses, which revealed 42 autosomes and two sex chromosomes X and Y. Following transfection of PKW-LWH cells with a plasmid encoding, the SV40 large T-antigens and the transfected cells were isolated and expanded. Using RT-PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence analysis and SV40 large T-antigen stability was confirmed. The cell proliferation rate of the fibroblast cells, PKW-LWHT was faster than the primary cells PKW-LWH with the doubling time 68.9h and 14.4h, respectively. In this study, we established PKW dermal fibroblast cell line for the first time, providing a unique opportunity for in vitro studies on the effects of environmental pollutants and pathogens that could be determined in PKW and/or Cetaceans.
Sun Yajing; Imran Rashid Rajput; Huang Ying; Yu Fei; Edmond Sanganyado; Li Ping; Wang Jingzhen; Liu Wenhua. Establishment and characterization of pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) dermal fibroblast cell line. PLOS ONE 2018, 13, e0195128 .
AMA StyleSun Yajing, Imran Rashid Rajput, Huang Ying, Yu Fei, Edmond Sanganyado, Li Ping, Wang Jingzhen, Liu Wenhua. Establishment and characterization of pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) dermal fibroblast cell line. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13 (3):e0195128.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun Yajing; Imran Rashid Rajput; Huang Ying; Yu Fei; Edmond Sanganyado; Li Ping; Wang Jingzhen; Liu Wenhua. 2018. "Establishment and characterization of pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) dermal fibroblast cell line." PLOS ONE 13, no. 3: e0195128.
Heat stress is one of the most important physiological factors challenging poultry production throughout the world especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Oxidative stress induced by heat stress not only compromises productivity and performance but also results in morbidity and mortality losses leading to the economic burden for poultry producers. It reduces the shelf life of poultry product in addition to poor meat and egg quality. Recently, a trend towards using phytochemicals derived from natural sources with potential antioxidant activities has increased. Lycopene is a predominant carotenoid pigment which is universally found in fruits and vegetables, with tomatoes and their products being key sources. Several in vivo and in vitro studies have suggested that lycopene is a powerful antioxidant compared to other carotenoids. Supplementation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) derived lycopene revealed numerous health promoting activities in poultry birds, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, improved performance and better meat as well as egg quality. Lycopene maintains oxidative balance in birds through various ways including serving as a free radical scavenger, inhibiting signalling pathways and activating host antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT). The aims of this current review are to summarise mechanisms of action through which lycopene quench reactive species and maintain oxidative balance, highlight the potential role of lycopene as a natural antioxidant agent for poultry industry and examine the benefits to poultry producers when using this natural antioxidant on commercial basis in poultry diets to alleviate the adverse effects of heat stress.
M.A. Arain; Z Mei; F.U. Hassan; M. Saeed; M Alagawany; A.H. Shar; I.R. Rajput. Lycopene: a natural antioxidant for prevention of heat-induced oxidative stress in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 2018, 74, 89 -100.
AMA StyleM.A. Arain, Z Mei, F.U. Hassan, M. Saeed, M Alagawany, A.H. Shar, I.R. Rajput. Lycopene: a natural antioxidant for prevention of heat-induced oxidative stress in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal. 2018; 74 (1):89-100.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.A. Arain; Z Mei; F.U. Hassan; M. Saeed; M Alagawany; A.H. Shar; I.R. Rajput. 2018. "Lycopene: a natural antioxidant for prevention of heat-induced oxidative stress in poultry." World's Poultry Science Journal 74, no. 1: 89-100.
The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) and Bacillus subtilis B10 (Bs) on intestinal epithelial Toll like receptors (TLR), and Cytokine expression response to understand the intestinal epithelial innate immune mechanism in broilers. A total of 300 birds (Sanhuang broilers) were allotted into three groups (n = 100) and each divided into five replications (n = 20). Control group (Ctr) birds were fed basal diet, broilers in experimental groups received (1×108cfu/kg feed) Sb and Bs respectively in addition to basal diet for 72 days. The result showed significant increase in mRNA expression level of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR15. Down streaming MyD88, TRAF6, TAB2 and NF-κB mRNA level noted higher, in the jejunum and ileum as compared to control group. Meanwhile, IL-6, TNFα, IL-10, TGF-β expression levels showed high expression in the jejunum of Sb and Bs groups. IL-10 expression level increased in the ileum and IL-6, TNFα, IL-10 and TGF-β expression levels increased in the jejunum of Sb group. Levels of IL-1 β, IL-17, and IL-4, increased merely in Sb group. Ileal cytokines IL-1β, IL-17 and IL-4concentration were noted higher in Sb group, and IL-1β, and IL-4 levels were up-regulated in Bs group. The results indicated that the INF-γ and IL-8 level decreased in Sb and BS groups. Serum IgA and sIgA level increased in both treatment groups. Our findings illustrated that S. boulardii and B. subtilis B10 may have a role to induce mucosal immunity by activating the TLRs and cytokines expressions in broilers.
Imran Rashid Rajput; Huang Ying; Sun Yajing; Muhammad Asif Arain; Li Weifen; Li Ping; Dost Muhammad Bloch; Liu Wenhua. Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus subtilis B10 modulate TLRs and cytokines expression patterns in jejunum and ileum of broilers. PLOS ONE 2017, 12, e0173917 .
AMA StyleImran Rashid Rajput, Huang Ying, Sun Yajing, Muhammad Asif Arain, Li Weifen, Li Ping, Dost Muhammad Bloch, Liu Wenhua. Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus subtilis B10 modulate TLRs and cytokines expression patterns in jejunum and ileum of broilers. PLOS ONE. 2017; 12 (3):e0173917.
Chicago/Turabian StyleImran Rashid Rajput; Huang Ying; Sun Yajing; Muhammad Asif Arain; Li Weifen; Li Ping; Dost Muhammad Bloch; Liu Wenhua. 2017. "Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus subtilis B10 modulate TLRs and cytokines expression patterns in jejunum and ileum of broilers." PLOS ONE 12, no. 3: e0173917.
The present study evaluated the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on duodenal digestive enzymes, morphology and cytokine induction response in broiler chicken. A total of 200 birds were allotted into two groups (n = 100) and each group divided into five replications (n = 20). The control group was fed basal diet in addition to antibiotic (virginiamycin 20 mg/kg), and treatment group received (1 × 108 colony-forming units/kg feed) S. boulardii in addition to basal diet lasting for 72 days. The results compared to control group revealed that adenosine triphosphatase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, lipase and trypsin activities were higher, while, no significant improvement was observed in amylase activities in the duodenum of the treatment group. Moreover, morphological findings showed that villus height, width and number of goblet cells markedly increased. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy visualized that villus height, width and structural condensation significantly increased in the treatment group. The immunohistological observations showed increased numbers of immunoglobulin A (IgA)-positive cells in the duodenum of the treatment group. Meanwhile, cytokine production levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor-β and secretory IgA markedly increased, and IL-6 statistically remained unchanged as compared to the control group. These findings illustrated that initial contact of S. boulardii to the duodenum has significant impact in improving enzymatic activity, intestinal morphology and cytokine response in broiler chicken.
Yajing Sun; Imran Rashid Rajput; Muhammad Asif Arain; Yanfei Li; Dost Muhammad Baloch. Oral administration ofSaccharomyces boulardiialters duodenal morphology, enzymatic activity and cytokine production response in broiler chickens. Animal Science Journal 2016, 88, 1204 -1211.
AMA StyleYajing Sun, Imran Rashid Rajput, Muhammad Asif Arain, Yanfei Li, Dost Muhammad Baloch. Oral administration ofSaccharomyces boulardiialters duodenal morphology, enzymatic activity and cytokine production response in broiler chickens. Animal Science Journal. 2016; 88 (8):1204-1211.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYajing Sun; Imran Rashid Rajput; Muhammad Asif Arain; Yanfei Li; Dost Muhammad Baloch. 2016. "Oral administration ofSaccharomyces boulardiialters duodenal morphology, enzymatic activity and cytokine production response in broiler chickens." Animal Science Journal 88, no. 8: 1204-1211.
Muhammad Asif Arain; M. Khaskheli; I.R. Rajput; S. Rao; S. Faraz; S.A. Fazlani; K. Devrajani; M. Umer. Examination of Physical Properties of Goat Meat. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2010, 9, 422 -425.
AMA StyleMuhammad Asif Arain, M. Khaskheli, I.R. Rajput, S. Rao, S. Faraz, S.A. Fazlani, K. Devrajani, M. Umer. Examination of Physical Properties of Goat Meat. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2010; 9 (5):422-425.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Asif Arain; M. Khaskheli; I.R. Rajput; S. Rao; S. Faraz; S.A. Fazlani; K. Devrajani; M. Umer. 2010. "Examination of Physical Properties of Goat Meat." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9, no. 5: 422-425.
Muhammad Asif Arain; M. Khaskheli; I.R. Rajput; S. Faraz; S. Rao; M. Umer; K. Devrajani. Effect of Slaughtering Age on Chemical Composition of Goat Meat. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2010, 9, 404 -408.
AMA StyleMuhammad Asif Arain, M. Khaskheli, I.R. Rajput, S. Faraz, S. Rao, M. Umer, K. Devrajani. Effect of Slaughtering Age on Chemical Composition of Goat Meat. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2010; 9 (4):404-408.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Asif Arain; M. Khaskheli; I.R. Rajput; S. Faraz; S. Rao; M. Umer; K. Devrajani. 2010. "Effect of Slaughtering Age on Chemical Composition of Goat Meat." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9, no. 4: 404-408.
Muhammad Asif Arain; I.R. Rajput; M. Khaskheli; S. Faraz; K. Devrajani; S.A. Fazlani. Evaluation of Microbial Quality of Goat Meat at Local Market of Tando Jam. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2010, 9, 287 -290.
AMA StyleMuhammad Asif Arain, I.R. Rajput, M. Khaskheli, S. Faraz, K. Devrajani, S.A. Fazlani. Evaluation of Microbial Quality of Goat Meat at Local Market of Tando Jam. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2010; 9 (3):287-290.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Asif Arain; I.R. Rajput; M. Khaskheli; S. Faraz; K. Devrajani; S.A. Fazlani. 2010. "Evaluation of Microbial Quality of Goat Meat at Local Market of Tando Jam." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9, no. 3: 287-290.