This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Knowing the properties of vernacular materials is crucial to heritage conservation and to develop innovative solutions. Reed, considered to be a carbon-neutral and a carbon dioxide sink material, has been used for centuries for diverse uses. Its high availability and properties made it a popular building material, including in Portuguese vernacular architecture. An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the physical performance, thermal performance, and durability of the reed found in Portugal since the characterisation of this material was not found in previous studies. The influence of geometric characteristics and the presence of nodes on these properties were also analysed, and the results showed that they are irrelevant. The studied reeds were found to have an adequate thermal performance to be used as thermal insulation. Their thermal resistance (1.8 m2·°C/W) and thermal conductivity (0.06 W/m·°C) are under the requirements defined by Portuguese regulations on thermal insulation materials. Overall, the physical characteristics (moisture content, density, and retraction) are compatible to its use in the construction. Concerning durability, there was only a trend for mould growth in particular environments. The results provide valuable data to be considered in the development of new construction products based on this natural and renewable material. Additionally, considering the studied samples, the reed found in Portugal has characteristics suitable for use as a building material, especially as a thermal insulation material.
Raphaele Malheiro; Adriana Ansolin; Christiane Guarnier; Jorge Fernandes; Maria Amorim; Sandra Silva; Ricardo Mateus. The Potential of the Reed as a Regenerative Building Material—Characterisation of Its Durability, Physical, and Thermal Performances. Energies 2021, 14, 4276 .
AMA StyleRaphaele Malheiro, Adriana Ansolin, Christiane Guarnier, Jorge Fernandes, Maria Amorim, Sandra Silva, Ricardo Mateus. The Potential of the Reed as a Regenerative Building Material—Characterisation of Its Durability, Physical, and Thermal Performances. Energies. 2021; 14 (14):4276.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaphaele Malheiro; Adriana Ansolin; Christiane Guarnier; Jorge Fernandes; Maria Amorim; Sandra Silva; Ricardo Mateus. 2021. "The Potential of the Reed as a Regenerative Building Material—Characterisation of Its Durability, Physical, and Thermal Performances." Energies 14, no. 14: 4276.
An experimental investigation was conducted to understand the effect of the presence of chloride on the carbonation front. Microstructural analysis was conducted to verify the carbonation development in material previously contaminated by chlorides. Accelerated tests were combined to understand how the presence of chlorides influences carbonation front and how chloride test method influences in these results. The results indicate that the presence of chloride decreases the carbonation front in cement-based materials. This behaviour is related to the pore refinement and humidity retention caused by chloride. The impact on carbonation reduction occurs at different levels, according to the testing method used.
Raphaele Malheiro; Aires Camões; Gibson Meira; Maria Teresa Amorim. Influence of chloride contamination on carbonation of cement-based materials. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 296, 123756 .
AMA StyleRaphaele Malheiro, Aires Camões, Gibson Meira, Maria Teresa Amorim. Influence of chloride contamination on carbonation of cement-based materials. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 296 ():123756.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaphaele Malheiro; Aires Camões; Gibson Meira; Maria Teresa Amorim. 2021. "Influence of chloride contamination on carbonation of cement-based materials." Construction and Building Materials 296, no. : 123756.
The incorporation of waste and industrial by-products into concrete has been one of the alternatives to reduce the world consumption of cement and, consequently, to make it a more eco-friendly material. Therefore, and knowing that durability plays an important role in the life cycle of the construction materials, this work investigates the durability of cementitious materials with incorporation of fly ash (FA) when submitted to environments containing simultaneously the aggressive agents Cl- and CO2. The increase in the amount of aluminates provided by cement substitution by FA is one of the factors that leads to a decrease in the free chlorides content since the aluminates react chemically with the chlorides binding them. On the other hand, Ca(OH)2 present in the matrix from cement hydration is consumed due to the pozzolanic reactions, facilitating the advance of the carbonation front. In this context, it is important to know the behaviour of cementitious materials containing FA in environments subjected simultaneously to chlorides and carbonation. Mortar specimens containing 0, 20, 40 and 60 %wt of Portland cement CEM I 42.5R replaced by FA were moulded. After 90 days of curing, half of the specimens were introduced into the carbonation chamber (20 ºC, 55 % RH and 4 % CO2) where they remained for 15, 60 and 90 days. The other half was protected with plastic film during the same period. After, the specimens were subjected to the chloride diffusion test by migration. According to the obtained results, there was an increase in the chloride diffusion coefficient of the mortars submitted to the combined action for all percentages of FA incorporation. However, this increase was most evident for the higher percentages of cement replaced by FA. This fact may be related to the increase in the large capillary pores caused by carbonation and to the fact that the carbonated concrete has its chlorides binding capacity reduced.
Raphaele Malheiro; Aires Camões; Gibson Meira; João Pinto. Durability of Fly Ash Eco-friendly Cement Mortars in Severe Environment. Procedia Manufacturing 2020, 46, 122 -130.
AMA StyleRaphaele Malheiro, Aires Camões, Gibson Meira, João Pinto. Durability of Fly Ash Eco-friendly Cement Mortars in Severe Environment. Procedia Manufacturing. 2020; 46 ():122-130.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaphaele Malheiro; Aires Camões; Gibson Meira; João Pinto. 2020. "Durability of Fly Ash Eco-friendly Cement Mortars in Severe Environment." Procedia Manufacturing 46, no. : 122-130.
A large-scale energy renovation intervention in existing buildings has been consistently presented as the most significant opportunity to contribute to achieving the European targets for 2030 and 2050. One of the key points for such achievement is the cost-effectiveness of the interventions proposed, which is also closely related to decent housing affordability. Prefabricated modular solutions have been pointed out as a pathway, but there are knowledge gaps regarding both its cost-effectiveness and its environmental performance. Considering a social housing multi-family building in Porto, Portugal, as a case study, this research employs energy simulations, a cost-optimal methodology and a life cycle analysis approach to assess the influence of considering embodied energy and emissions in cost-effectiveness calculations. In general terms, the hierarchical relation between calculated renovation scenarios remain identical, as well as the choice of the cost-optimal combination, which can reduce primary energy needs by 226 kWh/(y.m2). However, embodied carbon emissions and embodied energy of the materials used in the calculations, which are indicative of the sustainability of such interventions, increase the energy and carbon emissions associated to each renovation package by an average of 43 kWh/(y.m2) and 9.3 kgCO2eq/(y.m2), respectively.
Manuela Almeida; Ricardo Barbosa; Raphaele Malheiro. Effect of Embodied Energy on Cost-Effectiveness of a Prefabricated Modular Solution on Renovation Scenarios in Social Housing in Porto, Portugal. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1631 .
AMA StyleManuela Almeida, Ricardo Barbosa, Raphaele Malheiro. Effect of Embodied Energy on Cost-Effectiveness of a Prefabricated Modular Solution on Renovation Scenarios in Social Housing in Porto, Portugal. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1631.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuela Almeida; Ricardo Barbosa; Raphaele Malheiro. 2020. "Effect of Embodied Energy on Cost-Effectiveness of a Prefabricated Modular Solution on Renovation Scenarios in Social Housing in Porto, Portugal." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1631.
The increase in global environmental problems requires more environmentally efficient construction. Vernacular passive strategies can play an important role in helping reducing energy use and CO2 emissions related to buildings. This paper studies the use of glazed balconies in the North of Portugal as a strategy to capture solar gains and reduce heat losses. The purpose is understanding thermal performance and comfort conditions provided by this passive heating strategy. The methodology includes objective (short and long-term monitoring), to evaluate the different parameters affecting thermal comfort and air quality, and subjective assessments to assess occupants’ perception regarding thermal sensation. The results show that the use of glazed balconies as a passive heating strategy in a climate with cold winters is viable. During the mid-seasons, the rooms with balcony have adequate comfort conditions. In the heating season, it is possible to achieve comfort conditions in sunny days while in the cooling season there is a risk of overheating. Regarding indoor air quality, carbon dioxide concentrations were low, but the average radon concentration measured was high when the building was unoccupied, rapidly decreasing to acceptable values, during occupation periods when a minimum ventilation rate was promoted. Occupants’ actions were essential to improving building behavior.
Jorge Fernandes; Raphaele Malheiro; Maria De Fátima Castro; Helena Gervásio; Sandra Monteiro Silva; Ricardo Mateus. Thermal Performance and Comfort Condition Analysis in a Vernacular Building with a Glazed Balcony. Energies 2020, 13, 624 .
AMA StyleJorge Fernandes, Raphaele Malheiro, Maria De Fátima Castro, Helena Gervásio, Sandra Monteiro Silva, Ricardo Mateus. Thermal Performance and Comfort Condition Analysis in a Vernacular Building with a Glazed Balcony. Energies. 2020; 13 (3):624.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Fernandes; Raphaele Malheiro; Maria De Fátima Castro; Helena Gervásio; Sandra Monteiro Silva; Ricardo Mateus. 2020. "Thermal Performance and Comfort Condition Analysis in a Vernacular Building with a Glazed Balcony." Energies 13, no. 3: 624.
While facing increasingly strict regulations regarding energy efficiency, the construction sector should also adopt sustainable solutions in terms of new constructions and renovations of buildings. In particular, energy renovation of existing buildings has specific technical and economic constraints that are generally addressed through implementation of new materials and building integrated systems, whose environmental impact should be considered when assessing the most adequate solution. Within the context of the More-Connect Project, which aims to develop modular prefabricated solutions for energy renovation of buildings, several renovation scenarios for a pilot building in Portugal were assessed using a methodology to compare the cost-effectiveness of renovation measures. The article explores the use of lifecycle assessment to analyse the effect of considering embodied primary energy in cost-effectiveness calculations.
Manuela Almeida; Ricardo Barbosa; Raphaele Malheiro. Effect of environmental assessment on primary energy of modular prefabricated panel for building renovation in Portugal. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2019, 225, 012047 .
AMA StyleManuela Almeida, Ricardo Barbosa, Raphaele Malheiro. Effect of environmental assessment on primary energy of modular prefabricated panel for building renovation in Portugal. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 225 (1):012047.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuela Almeida; Ricardo Barbosa; Raphaele Malheiro. 2019. "Effect of environmental assessment on primary energy of modular prefabricated panel for building renovation in Portugal." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 225, no. 1: 012047.
Carbonation and chloride action are the two leading causes of degradation in reinforced concrete structures. Despite the combined action of these two mechanisms being a reality, there is little research on the effect of this combination in cementitious matrices. Furthermore, the incorporation of fly ash in cementitious matrices has been frequently used in order to make the matrix more resistant to the action of chlorides. On the other hand, it is known that Ca(OH)2 existing in the matrix is consumed by the pozzolanic reactions, which makes easier the carbonation front advance. Therefore, this paper presents a study of the behavior of cementitious matrices, with and without fly ash, subjected to the combined action of chlorides and carbonation. Two different kinds of mortars were produced: reference (only cement CEM I 42.5R) and fly ash mortar (40% replacement of cement). After curing, the specimens were subjected to three different wetting-drying cycles, considering NaCl solutions and CO2 atmospheres. Afterwards, chloride profiles and carbonation front were measured. Results show that carbonation has a direct influence on chloride penetration, decreasing it for cement mortars with 0% fly ash and increasing it for mortars with 40% cement replacement by fly ash. Moreover, the evolution of carbonation is also influenced by chloride presence, which decreases under the combined action.
Raphaele Malheiro; Aires Camões; Gibson Meira; Maria Teresa Amorim; João Castro-Gomes; Rui Miguel Ferreira. Behaviour of cementitious matrices subjected to the combined action of chloride ions and carbonation. Matéria (Rio de Janeiro) 2018, 23, 1 .
AMA StyleRaphaele Malheiro, Aires Camões, Gibson Meira, Maria Teresa Amorim, João Castro-Gomes, Rui Miguel Ferreira. Behaviour of cementitious matrices subjected to the combined action of chloride ions and carbonation. Matéria (Rio de Janeiro). 2018; 23 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaphaele Malheiro; Aires Camões; Gibson Meira; Maria Teresa Amorim; João Castro-Gomes; Rui Miguel Ferreira. 2018. "Behaviour of cementitious matrices subjected to the combined action of chloride ions and carbonation." Matéria (Rio de Janeiro) 23, no. 3: 1.
Raphaele Malheiro; Gibson Meira; Munique Lima. Experimental stydy of chloride transport into double layered components with concrete and rendering mortar. Revista de la construcción 2016, 15, 119 -132.
AMA StyleRaphaele Malheiro, Gibson Meira, Munique Lima. Experimental stydy of chloride transport into double layered components with concrete and rendering mortar. Revista de la construcción. 2016; 15 (3):119-132.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaphaele Malheiro; Gibson Meira; Munique Lima. 2016. "Experimental stydy of chloride transport into double layered components with concrete and rendering mortar." Revista de la construcción 15, no. 3: 119-132.
The use of some additions as cement replacement has played an important role in the amount of clinker reduction. Due to its huge worldwide availability one of the most important and recognised replace agent is the fly ash, but is also estimated that only 30 to 40% of fly ash is used, although there are some challenges to be overcome, such as the reactive potential quantification. Chemical analysis is typically determined by the oxides content and does not take into account the vitreous and crystalline phase ratio. Therefore, this paper describes in detail one selective dissolution method, based in the hydrofluoric acid attack, to the quantification of the vitreous phase (reactive) and crystalline phases (not reactive). Fly ash from Portuguese Pego thermoelectric power plant was submitted to different attacks. To confirm the method and its effects, chemical and physical analysis were performed, such as STA, XRF, XRD with Rietveld refinement, SEM, EDS and laser diffraction granulometry. The results can be used to quantify the potential reactivity of this type of fly ash. The best results were achieved with 1% hydrofluoric acid attack during 6 hours.
Rui Reis; M.J.P. Ribeiro; João Abrantes; Aires Camões; Elisabete Teixeira; Raphaele Malheiro. Methodology for Analysis of the Reactivity of Coal Fly Ash Using Selective Dissolution by Hydrofluoric Acid. Key Engineering Materials 2016, 711, 1126 -1133.
AMA StyleRui Reis, M.J.P. Ribeiro, João Abrantes, Aires Camões, Elisabete Teixeira, Raphaele Malheiro. Methodology for Analysis of the Reactivity of Coal Fly Ash Using Selective Dissolution by Hydrofluoric Acid. Key Engineering Materials. 2016; 711 ():1126-1133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Reis; M.J.P. Ribeiro; João Abrantes; Aires Camões; Elisabete Teixeira; Raphaele Malheiro. 2016. "Methodology for Analysis of the Reactivity of Coal Fly Ash Using Selective Dissolution by Hydrofluoric Acid." Key Engineering Materials 711, no. : 1126-1133.
Research and practical experience have shown that partial replacement of cement by metakaolin improves concrete durability as a result of the refinement of the pore structure. While much research has been presented on concrete performance with metakaolin, it is scarce concerning the transport properties of chlorides in concrete with metakaolin, in natural conditions (i.e., un-accelerated). This study determines the chloride diffusion coefficients for several concretes with vary levels of cement replacement with metakaolin, and compares these results with chloride migration coefficients obtained from accelerated laboratory testing. In this study, two cement types (CEM I 42,5R and CEM IV/A 42,5) and two cement contents levels where used with metakaolin replacement levels varying from 10-20%. Concretes where tested for fresh properties, compressive strength, electrical resistivity, chloride ingress characteristics (natural diffusion and migration), and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results show improved strength, durability properties and chloride penetration resistance of concretes with metakaolin. Furthermore, the use of metakaolin in fly ash concrete improves the early age performance of the concrete (<90 days), counteracting the delay in strength and durability gain typically associated with fly ash concrete. The results obtained from this study fulfil the lack of critical input for service life design models of reinforced concrete structures in chloride environments, with emphasis on concretes with metakaolin replacement.
R. M. Ferreira; J. P. Castro-Gomes; P. Costa; R. Malheiro. Effect of metakaolin on the chloride ingress properties of concrete. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 2015, 20, 1375 -1384.
AMA StyleR. M. Ferreira, J. P. Castro-Gomes, P. Costa, R. Malheiro. Effect of metakaolin on the chloride ingress properties of concrete. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. 2015; 20 (4):1375-1384.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. M. Ferreira; J. P. Castro-Gomes; P. Costa; R. Malheiro. 2015. "Effect of metakaolin on the chloride ingress properties of concrete." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 4: 1375-1384.
The incorporation of fly ash (FA) in cementitious matrices have been frequently used in order to make the matrix more resistant to the action of chlorides. On the other hand, it is known that Ca (OH)2 existing in the matrix is partially consumed by the pozzolanic reactions, which facilitates the advancement of carbonation. Given that the combined action between carbonation and chloride penetration is a fact little known, we speculate about the behaviour of the matrix in this context. This study investigates the influence of the presence of chlorides on the carbonation in mortars with FA. Samples with 0% and 40% replacement of cement CEM I 42.5 R for FA were molded with water/binder 0.56 and 0.52 respectively. After 90 days of curing the specimens were subjected to cycles of immersion/drying for 56 days. Half of the samples was subjected to the following cycle: two days in a solution containing NaCl (concentration equal to 3.5 %); 12 days in the carbonation chamber (4% of CO2). The other half was: two days in water; 12 days in the carbonation chamber. Then, the development of carbonation was evaluated. The results indicate that the presence of chlorides influences the carbonation. The specimens submitted to the exclusive action of CO2 showed a greater depth of carbonation compared to that presented by the specimens subjected to combined action. This may be related to changes in properties of the matrix which may lead to further refinement of the pores and related to the presence of the salt that can lead to partial filling of the pores and the increase in moisture content .
Raphaele Malheiro; Aires Camões; Rui Miguel Ferreira; Gibson Meira; Teresa Amorim; Ruis Rei. Carbonation Front Progress in Mortars Containing Fly Ash Considering the Presence of Chloride Ions. Key Engineering Materials 2014, 634, 214 -221.
AMA StyleRaphaele Malheiro, Aires Camões, Rui Miguel Ferreira, Gibson Meira, Teresa Amorim, Ruis Rei. Carbonation Front Progress in Mortars Containing Fly Ash Considering the Presence of Chloride Ions. Key Engineering Materials. 2014; 634 ():214-221.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaphaele Malheiro; Aires Camões; Rui Miguel Ferreira; Gibson Meira; Teresa Amorim; Ruis Rei. 2014. "Carbonation Front Progress in Mortars Containing Fly Ash Considering the Presence of Chloride Ions." Key Engineering Materials 634, no. : 214-221.
The cement industry is responsible for a large part of the global environmental problems: is the largest consumer of natural resources; the most responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases, including about 1.8 Gt of CO2; and requires huge amounts of energy, corresponding to between 12 and 15% of industrial energy use. The cement is also not used in the most appropriate manner, since 40% of the consumption of concrete is due to the renovation and repair of buildings, making concrete structures inefficient because its durability is relatively low. However, in the future, concrete can and should evolve in order to improve its eco-efficiency, with a smaller amount of cement in its composition, replacing it with high quantities of mineral additions, particularly fly ash. Nevertheless, current technology may not allow this type of concrete to be very efficient, because its long-term durability may be compromised. In fact, with increasing dosage of pozzolanic mineral additions, alkali paste components are consumed in the reaction leaving it vulnerable to concrete carbonation which may compromise the passivation layer needed for steel rebar protection against corrosion. This article explores a promising approach to mitigate this problem, which consists in the careful addition of hydrated lime in the concrete composition, highlighting the synergy of its components, significantly enhancing its carbonation resistance. It is proposed, therefore, to manufacture a concrete with high volume of fly ash, low cement content and high service life period: an efficient and sustainable concrete. In this context, an experimental campaign was developed with the aim of characterization of pastes behavior with high fly ash content, in particular with respect to its durability. The results will be presented and properly analyzed.
Rui Reis; Raphaele Malheiro; Aires Camões; Manuel Ribeiro. Carbonation Resistance of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete. Key Engineering Materials 2014, 634, 288 -299.
AMA StyleRui Reis, Raphaele Malheiro, Aires Camões, Manuel Ribeiro. Carbonation Resistance of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete. Key Engineering Materials. 2014; 634 ():288-299.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Reis; Raphaele Malheiro; Aires Camões; Manuel Ribeiro. 2014. "Carbonation Resistance of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 634, no. : 288-299.
Este trabalho estudou a influência da camada de revestimento em argamassa na penetração de cloretos no concreto. Para tanto, foram moldados corpos de prova de concreto nas dimensões 8 cm x 8 cm x 8 cm e relação água/cimento de 0,55, sobre os quais foram aplicados três tipos de argamassa de revestimento, após uma fina camada de chapisco. Vencidos os períodos de cura de 28 dias para o concreto e a argamassa de revestimento, cinco das seis faces dos CPs foram isoladas com resina epóxi para simular um fluxo unidirecional. Esses CPs foram submetidos ao ensaio de imersão e secagem por 49 dias e, após isso, foram retiradas e analisadas amostras para a obtenção dos perfis de cloretos. Os resultados indicam que as argamassas de revestimento influenciam no transporte de cloretos no concreto e que essa influência é mais pronunciada para as argamassas menos porosas e mais ricas em cimento. Também se observou um acúmulo de cloretos na região próxima à interface argamassa-concreto, o qual é explicado pelas diferenças na capacidade de transporte entre a argamassa e o concreto. Apesar de as argamassas serem mais porosas que o concreto, elas podem representar uma proteção adicional em relação ao retardamento na penetração de cloretos no concreto.
Raphaele Meireles De Castro Malheiro; Gibson Rocha Meira; Munique Silva De Lima. Influência da camada do revestimento de argamassa na penetração de cloretos em estruturas de concreto. Ambiente Construído 2014, 14, 41 -55.
AMA StyleRaphaele Meireles De Castro Malheiro, Gibson Rocha Meira, Munique Silva De Lima. Influência da camada do revestimento de argamassa na penetração de cloretos em estruturas de concreto. Ambiente Construído. 2014; 14 (1):41-55.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaphaele Meireles De Castro Malheiro; Gibson Rocha Meira; Munique Silva De Lima. 2014. "Influência da camada do revestimento de argamassa na penetração de cloretos em estruturas de concreto." Ambiente Construído 14, no. 1: 41-55.
This experimental work studied the influence of mortars used as external rendering on chloride transport in concrete. Prismatic concrete specimens were cast with dimensions of 80 × 80 × 80 mm and water to binder ratio of 0.55. Three different mixtures of mortar were used to cover these specimens, after making a thin layer of spatter dash treatment. Reference concrete specimens were also cast. After a curing period in wet chamber and in laboratory environment, five of the six faces of the specimens were coated with epoxy resin to simulate unidirectional flux of chloride during the test. The specimens were subjected to natural diffusion tests for 49 days and, afterwards, samples were extracted and analysed to obtain chloride profiles. Results show that mortar renderings directly influence chloride penetration into concrete and this influence is more pronounced for mortars with higher contents of cement and less porosity. This shows that, although mortars have higher porosity than concrete, they can provide an additional protection to concrete structures, delaying chloride penetration into bulk concrete.
Raphaele Malheiro; G. Meira; M. Lima; N. Perazzo. Influence of mortar rendering on chloride penetration into concrete structures. Cement and Concrete Composites 2010, 33, 233 -239.
AMA StyleRaphaele Malheiro, G. Meira, M. Lima, N. Perazzo. Influence of mortar rendering on chloride penetration into concrete structures. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2010; 33 (2):233-239.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaphaele Malheiro; G. Meira; M. Lima; N. Perazzo. 2010. "Influence of mortar rendering on chloride penetration into concrete structures." Cement and Concrete Composites 33, no. 2: 233-239.
Raphaele Malheiro; Aires Camões; Rui Miguel Ferreira; Gibson Meira; Teresa Amorim. Effect of Carbonation on the Chloride Diffusion of Mortar Specimens Exposed to Cyclic Wetting and Drying. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleRaphaele Malheiro, Aires Camões, Rui Miguel Ferreira, Gibson Meira, Teresa Amorim. Effect of Carbonation on the Chloride Diffusion of Mortar Specimens Exposed to Cyclic Wetting and Drying. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaphaele Malheiro; Aires Camões; Rui Miguel Ferreira; Gibson Meira; Teresa Amorim. 2021. "Effect of Carbonation on the Chloride Diffusion of Mortar Specimens Exposed to Cyclic Wetting and Drying." , no. : 1.