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Bruno Cozzi
Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy

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Journal article
Published: 06 July 2021 in Animals
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The pig has been increasingly used as a suitable animal model in translational neuroscience. However, several features of the fast-growing, immediately motor-competent cerebral cortex of this species have been adequately described. This study analyzes the cytoarchitecture of the primary motor cortex (M1) of newborn, young and adult pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). Moreover, we investigated the distribution of the neural cells expressing the calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) (calretinin, CR; parvalbumin, PV) throughout M1. The primary motor cortex of newborn piglets was characterized by a dense neuronal arrangement that made the discrimination of the cell layers difficult, except for layer one. The absence of a clearly recognizable layer four, typical of the agranular cortex, was noted in young and adult pigs. The morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses revealed age-associated changes characterized by (1) thickness increase and neuronal density (number of cells/mm2 of M1) reduction during the first year of life; (2) morphological changes of CR-immunoreactive neurons in the first months of life; (3) higher density of CR- and PV-immunopositive neurons in newborns when compared to young and adult pigs. Since most of the present findings match with those of the human M1, this study strengthens the growing evidence that the brain of the pig can be used as a potentially valuable translational animal model during growth and development.

ACS Style

Salvatore Desantis; Serena Minervini; Lorenzo Zallocco; Bruno Cozzi; Andrea Pirone. Age-Related Changes in the Primary Motor Cortex of Newborn to Adult Domestic Pig Sus scrofa domesticus. Animals 2021, 11, 2019 .

AMA Style

Salvatore Desantis, Serena Minervini, Lorenzo Zallocco, Bruno Cozzi, Andrea Pirone. Age-Related Changes in the Primary Motor Cortex of Newborn to Adult Domestic Pig Sus scrofa domesticus. Animals. 2021; 11 (7):2019.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salvatore Desantis; Serena Minervini; Lorenzo Zallocco; Bruno Cozzi; Andrea Pirone. 2021. "Age-Related Changes in the Primary Motor Cortex of Newborn to Adult Domestic Pig Sus scrofa domesticus." Animals 11, no. 7: 2019.

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2021 in Animals
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Compared with other mammals, the digestive system of cetaceans presents some remarkable anatomical and physiological differences. However, the neurochemical features of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in these animals have only been described in part. The present study gives a description of the nitrergic and selected peptidergic systems in the myenteric plexus (MP) and submucosal plexus (SMP) of the intestine of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The distribution and morphology of neurons immunoreactive (IR) for the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and Substance P (SP) were immunohistochemically studied in formalin-fixed specimens from the healthy intestine of three animals, and the data were compared with those described in the literature on other mammals (human and non-human). In bottlenose dolphins, the percentages of nitrergic neurons (expressed as median and interquartile range—IQR) were 28% (IQR = 19–29) in the MP and 1% (IQR = 0–2) in the SMP, while the percentages of SP-IR neurons were 31% (IQR = 22–37) in the MP and 41% (IQR = 24–63) in the SMP. Although morphological features of nNOS- and SP-IR neurons were similar to those reported in other mammals, we found some noticeable differences in the percentages of enteric neurons. In fact, we detected a lower proportion of nNOS-IR neurons in the SMP and a higher proportion of SP-IR neurons in the MP compared to other mammals. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study represents the first description and quantification of nNOS-IR neurons and the first quantification of SP-IR neurons in the intestine of a cetacean species. As nNOS and SP are important mediators of intestinal functions and the nitrergic population is an important target for many neuroenteropathies, data obtained from a healthy intestine provide a necessary basis to further investigate and understand possible functional differences and motor intestinal dysfunctions/alterations in these special mammals.

ACS Style

Cristiano Bombardi; Anna Rambaldi; Giorgia Galiazzo; Fiorella Giancola; Jean-Marie Graïc; Giulia Salamanca; Bruno Cozzi; Roberto Chiocchetti. Nitrergic and Substance P Immunoreactive Neurons in the Enteric Nervous System of the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Intestine. Animals 2021, 11, 1057 .

AMA Style

Cristiano Bombardi, Anna Rambaldi, Giorgia Galiazzo, Fiorella Giancola, Jean-Marie Graïc, Giulia Salamanca, Bruno Cozzi, Roberto Chiocchetti. Nitrergic and Substance P Immunoreactive Neurons in the Enteric Nervous System of the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Intestine. Animals. 2021; 11 (4):1057.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cristiano Bombardi; Anna Rambaldi; Giorgia Galiazzo; Fiorella Giancola; Jean-Marie Graïc; Giulia Salamanca; Bruno Cozzi; Roberto Chiocchetti. 2021. "Nitrergic and Substance P Immunoreactive Neurons in the Enteric Nervous System of the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Intestine." Animals 11, no. 4: 1057.

Journal article
Published: 22 February 2021 in Neurophotonics
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Gaiting is a natural skill, making humans able to move around in free space in upright position. Almost 65% of people over 70 years old suffer from gait disorder and this issue is often linked to neurological pathologies including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis.1,2 Falling is a severe consequence of walking dysfunctions, frequent in elderly population.3 Other than provoking injuries and physical debilitation, ambulatory difficulties lead to psychological problems such as depression or fear of falling.4 Gaiting disorders and related issues involve more than 1% of the total expenses for the health care system in the USA.5 Although this phenomenon has been widely studied,1 a satisfactory understanding of neuronal and cerebral hemodynamic processes occurring during a gaiting task is still lacking. Studies have been performed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) on brain activations during imaginary walking tasks, the only way to simulate gaiting due to the severe movement limitations of these techniques. Less can be found on brain hemodynamic monitoring during real gaiting in ecological experimental conditions. Different fNIRS and fMRI studies have shown how goal-directed locomotion, such as walking on assigned steps, given path-lengths, or walking on a straight line (real or imagined), significantly affects prefrontal cortex hemodynamics, reason why many experiments have monitored these areas. However, the involvement of motor cortex areas and the comparison of goal-directed locomotion with the more natural forward walking is not clear yet.

ACS Style

Michele Lacerenza; Lorenzo Spinelli; Mauro Buttafava; Alberto Dalla Mora; Franco Zappa; Antonio Pifferi; Alberto Tosi; Bruno Cozzi; Alessandro Torricelli; Davide Contini. Monitoring the motor cortex hemodynamic response function in freely moving walking subjects: a time-domain fNIRS pilot study. Neurophotonics 2021, 8, 015006 .

AMA Style

Michele Lacerenza, Lorenzo Spinelli, Mauro Buttafava, Alberto Dalla Mora, Franco Zappa, Antonio Pifferi, Alberto Tosi, Bruno Cozzi, Alessandro Torricelli, Davide Contini. Monitoring the motor cortex hemodynamic response function in freely moving walking subjects: a time-domain fNIRS pilot study. Neurophotonics. 2021; 8 (01):015006.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michele Lacerenza; Lorenzo Spinelli; Mauro Buttafava; Alberto Dalla Mora; Franco Zappa; Antonio Pifferi; Alberto Tosi; Bruno Cozzi; Alessandro Torricelli; Davide Contini. 2021. "Monitoring the motor cortex hemodynamic response function in freely moving walking subjects: a time-domain fNIRS pilot study." Neurophotonics 8, no. 01: 015006.

Research article
Published: 18 December 2020 in Journal of Morphology
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The lungs of cetaceans undergo anatomical and physiological adaptations that facilitate extended breath‐holding during dives. Here, we present new insights on the ontogeny of the microscopic anatomy of the terminal portion of the airways of the lungs in five cetacean species: the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus); the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), the Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris); the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus); and the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). We (a) studied the histology of the terminal portion of the airways; (b) used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to characterize the muscle fibers with antibodies against smooth muscle (sm‐) actin, sm‐myosin, and desmin; (c) the innervation of myoelastic sphincters (MESs) with an antibody against neurofilament protein; and (d) defined the diameter of the terminal bronchioles, the diameter and length of the alveoli, the thickness of the septa, the major and minor axis, perimeter and section area of the cartilaginous rings by quantitative morphometric analyses in partially inflated lung tissue. As already reported in the literature, in bottlenose and striped dolphins, a system of MESs was observed in the terminal bronchioles. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of smooth muscle in the terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar septa in all the examined species. Some neurofilaments were observed close to the MESs in both bottlenose and striped dolphins. In fin, sperm, and Cuvier's beaked whales, we noted a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle going from the terminal bronchioles to the alveolar sacs. The morphometric analysis allowed to quantify the structural differences among cetacean species by ranking them into groups according to the adjusted mean values of the morphometric parameters measured. Our results contribute to the current understanding of the anatomy of the terminal airways of the cetacean lung and the role of the smooth muscle in the alveolar collapse reflex, crucial for prolonged breath‐holding diving.

ACS Style

Cristina Otero‐Sabio; Cinzia Centelleghe; Livio Corain; Jean‐Marie Graïc; Bruno Cozzi; Miguel Rivero; Francesco Consoli; Antonella Peruffo. Microscopic anatomical, immunohistochemical, and morphometric characterization of the terminal airways of the lung in cetaceans. Journal of Morphology 2020, 282, 291 -308.

AMA Style

Cristina Otero‐Sabio, Cinzia Centelleghe, Livio Corain, Jean‐Marie Graïc, Bruno Cozzi, Miguel Rivero, Francesco Consoli, Antonella Peruffo. Microscopic anatomical, immunohistochemical, and morphometric characterization of the terminal airways of the lung in cetaceans. Journal of Morphology. 2020; 282 (2):291-308.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cristina Otero‐Sabio; Cinzia Centelleghe; Livio Corain; Jean‐Marie Graïc; Bruno Cozzi; Miguel Rivero; Francesco Consoli; Antonella Peruffo. 2020. "Microscopic anatomical, immunohistochemical, and morphometric characterization of the terminal airways of the lung in cetaceans." Journal of Morphology 282, no. 2: 291-308.

Opinion
Published: 12 November 2020 in Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
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The new millennium has seen an explosion of neuroscience research: more than 700,000 articles1 have been published on the nervous system, from brain implants to the control of prosthetic limbs to genetic markers to brain plasticity, to name a few expanding fields. It is reasonable to state that we are at the edge of a new era of astounding innovative methodologies and discoveries (see also former US President Obama's NIH speech of April 2, 2013–https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=uJuxLDRsSQc). Unsurprisingly, the vast majority of neuroscience investigations have been performed on laboratory rodents (or in cultures derived from their tissues; European Comission, 2013). A relevant number of studies, though, have focused on primates (Grimm, 2018), including apes and man. The rationale behind the use of laboratory animals (and primates) has been debated countless times, and—to make a long story short—can be summarized by saying that many scientific hypotheses still need to be tested on live mammals, or, at least, on live cells. Tissue cultures cannot replace whole organisms, but, although the limitations are obvious, their use is encouraged for ethical reasons. The choice of the experimental species or tissues to maintain and develop in culture relies on standardized biological parameters, reproducibility of results, management, and other conditions including the availability of the animals and their costs. Although the prevalence of the rodent model in neuroscience has been challenged (Manger et al., 2008; Bolker, 2012; Keifer and Summers, 2016), it still remains the gold standard in translational research for the majority of laboratories. As we are all well aware, the use (some would say sacrifice) of mammalian lives, either directly or to produce cell lines, raises an ethical debate that troubles a large part of the public opinion in the Western world (Bianchi et al., 2018). It is safe to state that, whatever the individual opinion on animal experimentation, nobody is happy about it. Yet, perhaps, a solution–or at least an improvement of the current situation and the moral weight that the use of lab animals (and specifically mammals) implies–could be nearby and requires a new approach and an innovative mentality. The Western world is moving toward the reduction of environmental pollution, the recycling of materials, and in general toward the reduction of unnecessary waste. Perhaps neuroscience and animal experimentation in Western countries should face that choice too. We share the world with millions of large-brained domestic farm mammals: cattle, sheep, and pigs are raised for milk and meat in many countries. Millions of horses live in farms worldwide. Domestication of the large herbivores and pigs goes back to the early days of civilization and allowed for the establishment of agricultural societies and progression from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Since then, relevant numbers of farm animals are used for meat and milk production, and their organs, including their brains, are available in the millions (see Figure 1). Figure 1. Left bars represent the number (hundreds of millions) of farm animals raised in Europe (2010–2016); the light blue component corresponds to those actually slaughtered for meat production. Dark blue bars on the right represents the number (millions) of rodents used in Europe in research (2010–2016). US data on lab rodents are not readily available since their use is not regulated by a central authority, but directly by local ethical committees. The numbers below the photographs of the brain of each species represent their average weight in grams. That is why here we pose two questions: How is it possible that–even in the wake of the current explosion of neuroscience research–we surprisingly know so little about the brain, conscious cognitive processes, emotions, and even sensory capabilities of our domestic companion species (Millman, 2013; Higgs et al., 2020; Neave et al., 2020)? And then again: based on the available knowledge, is it possible to use the nervous system of farm animals raised for meat production in neuroscience research (Peruffo and Cozzi, 2014)? Could their nervous tissue replace (at least in part) rodent tissue? The two questions are linked. If we do not know enough on the brain of farm animals, we cannot eventually translate their use to the broader field. Yet, recent discoveries on neuronal resilience and restorative brain functions were based on the use of porcine brains (see the Nature article by Vrselja et al., 2019, and the debate that followed). The question is not only the translatability of data acquired in any experimental species into humans (Sauleau et al., 2009; Mogil, 2019), but also whether the need to investigate other mammals is an ethical issue and a scientific goal. If we dig into the most common search engines, we find that only very few publications have been dedicated to the brain of the domestic bovine (207), sheep (100), horse (4), or pig (414)2. There are indications that the cerebral cortex of Perissodactyls and Cetartiodactyls (including large herbivores, whales, and dolphins) works with a slightly different general organization, because of the prevalence of a less distinct lamination, instead of the well-known six layers typical of rodents and primates (Hof et al., 1999; Cozzi et al., 2017). We also know that the sensory world of farm mammals is partly different from ours: they do not see the same color spectrum, have wide eye fields with only limited stereoscopic capabilities (Ede et al., 2019). Furthermore, horses, cows, and pigs are endowed with an incredibly developed sense of smell, testified by the enormous olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, and related structures. The motor pathways for quadrupedal locomotion require extensive development of the extrapyramidal multi-synaptic tracts (Peruffo et al., 2019). But some of these latter sensory and motor...

ACS Style

Bruno Cozzi; Luca Bonfanti; Elisabetta Canali; Michela Minero. Brain Waste: The Neglect of Animal Brains. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 2020, 14, 1 .

AMA Style

Bruno Cozzi, Luca Bonfanti, Elisabetta Canali, Michela Minero. Brain Waste: The Neglect of Animal Brains. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 2020; 14 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bruno Cozzi; Luca Bonfanti; Elisabetta Canali; Michela Minero. 2020. "Brain Waste: The Neglect of Animal Brains." Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 14, no. : 1.

Article
Published: 29 October 2020 in The Anatomical Record
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The visual system of cetaceans is at best poorly understood. With a handful of electrophysiological studies and a limited number of histological preparations from well‐preserved specimen, the investigation of the principles underlying the cortical organization in cetaceans remains a challenge. In the course of our current investigation, we identified the transition from V2 to V1 in the long‐finned pilot whale Globicephala melas, only recognizable through immunocytochemistry, and a similar if not homologue transition in the sheep Ovis aries. Our results emphasize the importance of differential pattern recognition in which the application of different markers uncovers a diversity in a delphinid’s cortex, formerly widely considered as uniform and archetypal. In fact, the evidence that we present suggests the existence of relatively unacknowledged areas beyond the well‐known sensory territories in cetaceans.

ACS Style

Jean‐Marie Graïc; Antonella Peruffo; Annamaria Grandis; Bruno Cozzi. Topographical and structural characterization of the V1–V2 transition zone in the visual cortex of the long‐finned pilot whale Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809). The Anatomical Record 2020, 304, 1105 -1118.

AMA Style

Jean‐Marie Graïc, Antonella Peruffo, Annamaria Grandis, Bruno Cozzi. Topographical and structural characterization of the V1–V2 transition zone in the visual cortex of the long‐finned pilot whale Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809). The Anatomical Record. 2020; 304 (5):1105-1118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jean‐Marie Graïc; Antonella Peruffo; Annamaria Grandis; Bruno Cozzi. 2020. "Topographical and structural characterization of the V1–V2 transition zone in the visual cortex of the long‐finned pilot whale Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809)." The Anatomical Record 304, no. 5: 1105-1118.

Original paper
Published: 24 October 2020 in Journal of Anatomy
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Vibrissae are tactile hairs found mainly on the rostrum of most mammals. The follicle, which is surrounded by a large venous sinus, is called "follicle‐sinus complex" (FSC). This complex is highly innervated by somatosensitive fibers and reached by visceromotor fibers that innervate the surrounding vessels. The surrounding striated muscles receive somatomotor fibers from the facial nerve. The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), a frequently described member of the delphinid family, possesses this organ only in the postnatal period. However, information on the function of the vibrissal complex in this latter species is scarce. Recently, psychophysical experiments on the river‐living Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) revealed that the FSC could work as an electroreceptor in murky waters. In the present study, we analyzed the morphology and innervation of the FSC of newborn (n = 8) and adult (n = 3) bottlenose dolphins. We used Masson's trichrome stain and antibodies against neurofilament 200 kDa (NF 200), protein gene product (PGP 9.5), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene‐related peptide, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to characterize the FSC of the two age classes. Masson's trichrome staining revealed a structure almost identical to that of terrestrial mammals except for the fact that the FSC was occupied only by a venous sinus and that the vibrissal shaft lied within the follicle. Immunostaining for PGP 9.5 and NF 200 showed somatosensory fibers finishing high along the follicle with Merkel nerve endings and free nerve endings. We also found SP‐positive fibers mostly in the surrounding blood vessels and TH both in the vessels and in the mesenchymal sheath. The FSC of the bottlenose dolphin, therefore, possesses a rich somatomotor innervation and a set of peptidergic visceromotor fibers. This anatomical disposition suggests a mechanoreceptor function in the newborns, possibly finalized to search for the opening of the mother's nipples. In the adult, however, this structure could change into a proprioceptive function in which the vibrissal shaft could provide information on the degree of rotation of the head. In the absence of psychophysical experiments in this species, the hypothesis of electroreception cannot be rejected.

ACS Style

Tommaso Gerussi; Jean‐Marie Graïc; Steffen De Vreese; Annamaria Grandis; Claudio Tagliavia; Margherita De Silva; Stefan Huggenberger; Bruno Cozzi. The follicle‐sinus complex of the bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ). Functional anatomy and possible evolutional significance of its somato‐sensory innervation. Journal of Anatomy 2020, 238, 942 -955.

AMA Style

Tommaso Gerussi, Jean‐Marie Graïc, Steffen De Vreese, Annamaria Grandis, Claudio Tagliavia, Margherita De Silva, Stefan Huggenberger, Bruno Cozzi. The follicle‐sinus complex of the bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ). Functional anatomy and possible evolutional significance of its somato‐sensory innervation. Journal of Anatomy. 2020; 238 (4):942-955.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tommaso Gerussi; Jean‐Marie Graïc; Steffen De Vreese; Annamaria Grandis; Claudio Tagliavia; Margherita De Silva; Stefan Huggenberger; Bruno Cozzi. 2020. "The follicle‐sinus complex of the bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ). Functional anatomy and possible evolutional significance of its somato‐sensory innervation." Journal of Anatomy 238, no. 4: 942-955.

Original article
Published: 28 September 2020 in Brain Structure and Function
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The dimorphism among male, female and freemartin intersex bovines, focusing on the vermal lobules VIII and IX, was analyzed using a novel data analytics approach to quantify morphometric differences in the cytoarchitecture of digitalized sections of the cerebellum. This methodology consists of multivariate and multi-aspect testing for cytoarchitecture-ranking, based on neuronal cell complexity among populations defined by factors, such as sex, age or pathology. In this context, we computed a set of shape descriptors of the neural cell morphology, categorized them into three domains named size, regularity and density, respectively. The output and results of our methodology are multivariate in nature, allowing an in-depth analysis of the cytoarchitectonic organization and morphology of cells. Interestingly, the Purkinje neurons and the underlying granule cells revealed the same morphological pattern: female possessed larger, denser and more irregular neurons than males. In the Freemartin, Purkinje neurons showed an intermediate setting between males and females, while the granule cells were the largest, most regular and dense. This methodology could be a powerful instrument to carry out morphometric analysis providing robust bases for objective tissue screening, especially in the field of neurodegenerative pathologies.

ACS Style

L. Corain; E. Grisan; J.-M. Graïc; R. Carvajal-Schiaffino; B. Cozzi; A. Peruffo. Multi-aspect testing and ranking inference to quantify dimorphism in the cytoarchitecture of cerebellum of male, female and intersex individuals: a model applied to bovine brains. Brain Structure and Function 2020, 225, 2669 -2688.

AMA Style

L. Corain, E. Grisan, J.-M. Graïc, R. Carvajal-Schiaffino, B. Cozzi, A. Peruffo. Multi-aspect testing and ranking inference to quantify dimorphism in the cytoarchitecture of cerebellum of male, female and intersex individuals: a model applied to bovine brains. Brain Structure and Function. 2020; 225 (9):2669-2688.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Corain; E. Grisan; J.-M. Graïc; R. Carvajal-Schiaffino; B. Cozzi; A. Peruffo. 2020. "Multi-aspect testing and ranking inference to quantify dimorphism in the cytoarchitecture of cerebellum of male, female and intersex individuals: a model applied to bovine brains." Brain Structure and Function 225, no. 9: 2669-2688.

Journal article
Published: 07 September 2020 in Scientific Reports
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The aim of this work was to critically assess if functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) can be profitably used as a tool for noninvasive recording of brain functions and emotions in sheep. We considered an experimental design including advances in instrumentation (customized wireless multi-distance fNIRS system), more accurate physical modelling (two-layer model for photon diffusion and 3D Monte Carlo simulations), support from neuroanatomical tools (positioning of the fNIRS probe by MRI and DTI data of the very same animals), and rigorous protocols (motor task, startling test) for testing the behavioral response of freely moving sheep. Almost no hemodynamic response was found in the extra-cerebral region in both the motor task and the startling test. In the motor task, as expected we found a canonical hemodynamic response in the cerebral region when sheep were walking. In the startling test, the measured hemodynamic response in the cerebral region was mainly from movement. Overall, these results indicate that with the current setup and probe positioning we are primarily measuring the motor area of the sheep brain, and not probing the too deeply located cortical areas related to processing of emotions.

ACS Style

Matteo Chincarini; Emanuela Dalla Costa; Lina Qiu; Lorenzo Spinelli; Simona Cannas; Clara Palestrini; Elisabetta Canali; Michela Minero; Bruno Cozzi; Nicola Ferri; Daniele Ancora; Francesco De Pasquale; Giorgio Vignola; Alessandro Torricelli. Reliability of fNIRS for noninvasive monitoring of brain function and emotion in sheep. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Matteo Chincarini, Emanuela Dalla Costa, Lina Qiu, Lorenzo Spinelli, Simona Cannas, Clara Palestrini, Elisabetta Canali, Michela Minero, Bruno Cozzi, Nicola Ferri, Daniele Ancora, Francesco De Pasquale, Giorgio Vignola, Alessandro Torricelli. Reliability of fNIRS for noninvasive monitoring of brain function and emotion in sheep. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matteo Chincarini; Emanuela Dalla Costa; Lina Qiu; Lorenzo Spinelli; Simona Cannas; Clara Palestrini; Elisabetta Canali; Michela Minero; Bruno Cozzi; Nicola Ferri; Daniele Ancora; Francesco De Pasquale; Giorgio Vignola; Alessandro Torricelli. 2020. "Reliability of fNIRS for noninvasive monitoring of brain function and emotion in sheep." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-10.

Original paper
Published: 03 September 2020 in Journal of Anatomy
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The present study analyses the organization and selected neurochemical features of the claustrum and visual cortex of the sheep, based on the patterns of calcium‐binding proteins expression. Connections of the claustrum with the visual cortex have been studied by tractography. Parvalbumin‐immunoreactive (PV‐ir) and Calbindin‐immunoreactive (CB‐ir) cell bodies increased along the rostro‐caudal axis of the nucleus. Calretinin (CR)‐labeled somata were few and evenly distributed along the rostro‐caudal axis. PV and CB distribution in the visual cortex was characterized by larger round and multipolar cells for PV, and more bitufted neurons for CB. The staining pattern for PV was the opposite of that of CR, which showed densely stained but rare cell bodies. Tractography shows the existence of connections with the caudal visual cortex. However, we detected no contralateral projection in the visuo‐claustral interconnections. Since sheep and goats have laterally placed eyes and a limited binocular vision, the absence of contralateral projections could be of prime importance if confirmed by other studies, to rule out the role of the claustrum in stereopsis.

ACS Style

Andrea Pirone; Jean‐Marie Graïc; Enrico Grisan; Bruno Cozzi. The claustrum of the sheep and its connections to the visual cortex. Journal of Anatomy 2020, 238, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Andrea Pirone, Jean‐Marie Graïc, Enrico Grisan, Bruno Cozzi. The claustrum of the sheep and its connections to the visual cortex. Journal of Anatomy. 2020; 238 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea Pirone; Jean‐Marie Graïc; Enrico Grisan; Bruno Cozzi. 2020. "The claustrum of the sheep and its connections to the visual cortex." Journal of Anatomy 238, no. 1: 1-12.

Original research article
Published: 21 August 2020 in Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
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The evolution of the brain in apes and man followed a joint pathway stemming from common ancestors 5–10 million years ago. However, although apparently sharing similar organization and neurochemical properties, association areas of the isocortex remain one of the cornerstones of what sets humans aside from other primates. Brodmann’s area 44, the area of Broca, is known for its implication in speech, and thus indirectly is a key mark of human uniqueness. This latero-caudal part of the frontal lobe shows a marked functional asymmetry in humans, and takes part in other complex functions, including learning and imitation, tool use, music and contains the mirror neuron system (MNS). Since the main features in the cytoarchitecture of Broca’s area remains relatively constant in hominids, including in our closest relative, the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes, investigations on the finer structure, cellular organization, connectivity and eventual asymmetry of area 44 have a direct bearing on the understanding of the neural mechanisms at the base of our language. The semi-automated image analysis technology that we employed in the current study showed that the structure of the cortical layers of the chimpanzee contains elements of asymmetry that are discussed in relation to the corresponding human areas and the putative resulting disparity of function.

ACS Style

Jean-Marie Graïc; Antonella Peruffo; Livio Corain; Cinzia Centelleghe; Alberto Granato; Emanuela Zanellato; Bruno Cozzi. Asymmetry in the Cytoarchitecture of the Area 44 Homolog of the Brain of the Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 2020, 14, 1 .

AMA Style

Jean-Marie Graïc, Antonella Peruffo, Livio Corain, Cinzia Centelleghe, Alberto Granato, Emanuela Zanellato, Bruno Cozzi. Asymmetry in the Cytoarchitecture of the Area 44 Homolog of the Brain of the Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 2020; 14 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jean-Marie Graïc; Antonella Peruffo; Livio Corain; Cinzia Centelleghe; Alberto Granato; Emanuela Zanellato; Bruno Cozzi. 2020. "Asymmetry in the Cytoarchitecture of the Area 44 Homolog of the Brain of the Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes." Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 14, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 July 2020 in eLife
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The adult mammalian brain is mainly composed of mature neurons. A limited amount of stem cell-driven neurogenesis persists in postnatal life and is reduced in large-brained species. Another source of immature neurons in adult brains is cortical layer II. These cortical immature neurons (cINs) retain developmentally undifferentiated states in adulthood, though they are generated before birth. Here, the occurrence, distribution and cellular features of cINs were systematically studied in 12 diverse mammalian species spanning from small-lissencephalic to large-gyrencephalic brains. In spite of well-preserved morphological and molecular features, the distribution of cINs was highly heterogeneous, particularly in neocortex. While virtually absent in rodents, they are present in the entire neocortex of many other species and their linear density in cortical layer II generally increased with brain size. These findings suggest an evolutionary developmental mechanism for plasticity that varies among mammalian species, granting a reservoir of young cells for the cerebral cortex.

ACS Style

Chiara La Rosa; Francesca Cavallo; Alessandra Pecora; Matteo Chincarini; Ugo Ala; Chris G Faulkes; Juan Nacher; Bruno Cozzi; Chet C Sherwood; Irmgard Amrein; Luca Bonfanti. Phylogenetic variation in cortical layer II immature neuron reservoir of mammals. eLife 2020, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Chiara La Rosa, Francesca Cavallo, Alessandra Pecora, Matteo Chincarini, Ugo Ala, Chris G Faulkes, Juan Nacher, Bruno Cozzi, Chet C Sherwood, Irmgard Amrein, Luca Bonfanti. Phylogenetic variation in cortical layer II immature neuron reservoir of mammals. eLife. 2020; 9 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiara La Rosa; Francesca Cavallo; Alessandra Pecora; Matteo Chincarini; Ugo Ala; Chris G Faulkes; Juan Nacher; Bruno Cozzi; Chet C Sherwood; Irmgard Amrein; Luca Bonfanti. 2020. "Phylogenetic variation in cortical layer II immature neuron reservoir of mammals." eLife 9, no. : 1.

Review
Published: 14 July 2020 in Sustainability
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The recent outbreak of a new Coronavirus has developed into a global pandemic with about 10.5 million reported cases and over 500,000 deaths worldwide. Our prospective paper reports an updated analysis of the impact that this pandemic had on the Italian agri-food sector during the national lockdown and discusses why and how this unprecedented economic crisis could be a turning point to deal with the overall sustainability of food and agricultural systems in the frame of the forthcoming European Green Deal. Its introductory part includes a wide-ranging examination of the first quarter of pandemic emergency, with a specific focus on the primary production, to be understood as agriculture (i.e., crops and livestock, and their food products), fisheries, and forestry. The effect on the typical food and wine exports, and the local environment tourism segments is also taken into account in this analysis, because of their old and deep roots into the cultural and historical heritage of the country. The subsequent part of the paper is centered on strategic lines and research networks for an efficient socio-economic and territorial restart, and a faster transition to sustainability in the frame of a circular bio-economy. Particular emphasis is given to the urgent need of investments in research and development concerning agriculture, in terms of not only a fruitful penetration of the agro-tech for a next-generation agri-food era, but also a deeper attention to the natural and environmental resources, including forestry. As for the rest of Europe, Italy demands actions to expand knowledge and strengthen research applied to technology transfer for innovation activities aimed at providing solutions for a climate neutral and resilient society, in reference to primary production to ensure food security and nutrition quality. Our expectation is that science and culture return to play a central role in national society, as their main actors are capable of making a pivotal contribution to renew and restart the whole primary sector and agri-food industry, addressing also social and environmental issues, and so accelerating the transition to sustainability.

ACS Style

Gianni Barcaccia; Vincenzo D’Agostino; Alessandro Zotti; Bruno Cozzi. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 on the Italian Agri-Food Sector: An Analysis of the Quarter of Pandemic Lockdown and Clues for a Socio-Economic and Territorial Restart. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5651 .

AMA Style

Gianni Barcaccia, Vincenzo D’Agostino, Alessandro Zotti, Bruno Cozzi. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 on the Italian Agri-Food Sector: An Analysis of the Quarter of Pandemic Lockdown and Clues for a Socio-Economic and Territorial Restart. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5651.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gianni Barcaccia; Vincenzo D’Agostino; Alessandro Zotti; Bruno Cozzi. 2020. "Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 on the Italian Agri-Food Sector: An Analysis of the Quarter of Pandemic Lockdown and Clues for a Socio-Economic and Territorial Restart." Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5651.

Preprint
Published: 06 July 2020
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The recent outbreak of a new Coronavirus has developed into a global pandemic with about 10,5 million reported cases and over 500,000 deaths worldwide. Our prospective paper reports an updated analysis of the impact that this pandemic had on the Italian agri-food sector during the national lockdown and discusses why and how this unprecedented economic crisis could be a turning point to deal with the overall sustainability of food and agricultural systems in the frame of the forthcoming European Green Deal. Its introductory part includes a wide-ranging examination of the first quarter of pandemic emergency, with a specific focus on the primary production, to be understood as agriculture (i.e. crops and livestock, and their food products), fisheries and forestry. The effect on the typical food and wine exports, and the local environment tourism segments is also taken into account in this analysis, because of their old and deep roots into the cultural and historical heritage of the country. The subsequent part of the paper is centered on strategic lines and research networks for an efficient socio-economic and territorial restart, and a faster transition to sustainability in the frame of a circular bio-economy. Particular emphasis is given to the urgent need of investments in research and development concerning agriculture, in terms of not only a fruitful penetration of the agro-tech for a next-generation agri-food era, but also a deeper attention to the natural and environmental resources, including forestry. As for the rest of Europe, Italy demands actions to expand knowledge and strengthen research applied to technology transfer for innovation activities aimed at providing solutions for a climate neutral and resilient society, in reference to primary production to ensure food security and nutrition quality. Our expectation is that science and culture return to play a central role in national society, as their main actors are capable of making a pivotal contribution to renew and restart the whole primary sector and agri-food industry, addressing also social and environmental issues, and so accelerating the transition to sustainability.

ACS Style

Gianni Barcaccia; Vincenzo D'agostino; Alessandro Zotti; Bruno Cozzi. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 on the Italian Agri-food Sector: An Analysis of the Quarter of Pandemic Lockdown and Clues for a Socio-Economic and Territorial Restart. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Gianni Barcaccia, Vincenzo D'agostino, Alessandro Zotti, Bruno Cozzi. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 on the Italian Agri-food Sector: An Analysis of the Quarter of Pandemic Lockdown and Clues for a Socio-Economic and Territorial Restart. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gianni Barcaccia; Vincenzo D'agostino; Alessandro Zotti; Bruno Cozzi. 2020. "Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 on the Italian Agri-food Sector: An Analysis of the Quarter of Pandemic Lockdown and Clues for a Socio-Economic and Territorial Restart." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 06 March 2020 in Scientific Reports
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The function of the external ear canal in cetaceans is still under debate and its morphology is largely unknown. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses using antibodies specific for nervous tissue (anti-S100, anti-NSE, anti-NF, and anti-PGP 9.5), together with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and various histological techniques, were carried out to investigate the peripheral nervous system of the ear canals of several species of toothed whales and terrestrial Cetartiodactyla. This study highlights the innervation of the ear canal with the presence of lamellar corpuscles over its entire course, and their absence in all studied terrestrial mammals. Each corpuscle consisted of a central axon, surrounded by lamellae of Schwann receptor cells, surrounded by a thin cellular layer, as shown by IHC and TEM. These findings indicate that the corpuscles are mechanoreceptors that resemble the inner core of Pacinian corpuscles without capsule or outer core, and were labelled as simple lamellar corpuscles. They form part of a sensory system that may represent a unique phylogenetic feature of cetaceans, and an evolutionary adaptation to life in the marine environment. Although the exact function of the ear canal is not fully clear, we provide essential knowledge and a preliminary hypothetical deviation on its function as a unique sensory organ.

ACS Style

Steffen De Vreese; Michel André; Bruno Cozzi; Cinzia Centelleghe; Mike Van Der Schaar; Sandro Mazzariol. Morphological Evidence for the Sensitivity of the Ear Canal of Odontocetes as shown by Immunohistochemistry and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 4191 -17.

AMA Style

Steffen De Vreese, Michel André, Bruno Cozzi, Cinzia Centelleghe, Mike Van Der Schaar, Sandro Mazzariol. Morphological Evidence for the Sensitivity of the Ear Canal of Odontocetes as shown by Immunohistochemistry and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):4191-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steffen De Vreese; Michel André; Bruno Cozzi; Cinzia Centelleghe; Mike Van Der Schaar; Sandro Mazzariol. 2020. "Morphological Evidence for the Sensitivity of the Ear Canal of Odontocetes as shown by Immunohistochemistry and Transmission Electron Microscopy." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 4191-17.

Original article
Published: 14 May 2019 in Brain Structure and Function
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The laminar organization of the motor cortex of the sheep and other large domestic herbivores received scarce attention and is generally considered homologous to that of rodents and primates. Thickness of the cortex, subdivision into layers and organization are scarcely known. In the present study, we applied different modern morphological, mathematical and image-analyses techniques to the study of the motor area that controls movements of the forelimb in the sheep. The thickness of the cortex resulted comparable to that of other terrestrial Cetartiodactyls (but thicker than in marine Cetartiodactyls of similar body mass). The laminar organization showed marked development of layer 1, virtual absence of layer 4, and image analysis suggested prevalence of large irregular neural cells in the deeper layers. Diffusion tensor imaging revealed robust projections from the motor cortex to the pyramids in the brainstem, and well evident tracts descending to the tegmentum of the mesencephalon and dorsal pons. Our data contrast the general representation of the motor system of this species, considered to be predominantly based on extra-pyramidal tracts that originate from central pattern generators in the brainstem.

ACS Style

Antonella Peruffo; Livio Corain; Cristiano Bombardi; Cinzia Centelleghe; Enrico Grisan; Jean-Marie Graïc; Pietro Bontempi; Annamaria Grandis; Bruno Cozzi. The motor cortex of the sheep: laminar organization, projections and diffusion tensor imaging of the intracranial pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. Brain Structure and Function 2019, 224, 1933 -1946.

AMA Style

Antonella Peruffo, Livio Corain, Cristiano Bombardi, Cinzia Centelleghe, Enrico Grisan, Jean-Marie Graïc, Pietro Bontempi, Annamaria Grandis, Bruno Cozzi. The motor cortex of the sheep: laminar organization, projections and diffusion tensor imaging of the intracranial pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. Brain Structure and Function. 2019; 224 (5):1933-1946.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonella Peruffo; Livio Corain; Cristiano Bombardi; Cinzia Centelleghe; Enrico Grisan; Jean-Marie Graïc; Pietro Bontempi; Annamaria Grandis; Bruno Cozzi. 2019. "The motor cortex of the sheep: laminar organization, projections and diffusion tensor imaging of the intracranial pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts." Brain Structure and Function 224, no. 5: 1933-1946.

Article
Published: 07 February 2019 in The Anatomical Record
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Despite increasing interest in the claustrum (Cl) over the last decades, its function is still a puzzling problem. Among the experimental species of potential use in Cl research, the pig is considered an interesting model, because of the similarities of its brain with the corresponding cortical and subcortical human structures. The swine Cl presents a peculiar morphology, characterized by a wide posterior enlargement, ideal for physiological investigations. There is a wealth of data on general anatomy, cytoarchitecture, and chemo architecture of the Cl, but much less is known about the dendritic morphometry of its neurons. Dendritic length and branching pattern are key features to understand the organization of the microcircuitry, and thus the delineation of the structure‐function relationships of the Cl. To this effect, we undertook a) a quantitative study of the dendrites of the spiny neurons of the swine Cl, employing the Golgi staining; and b) an immunohistochemical analysis to describe the distribution of the parvalbumin (PV)‐immunoreactive interneurons throughout the same nucleus. Taken together, the results that we report here show that the dendritic architecture and the distribution of the PV expressing interneurons change when the Cl of this species changes its shape along the rostro‐caudal axis, thus suggesting a potentially specific function for the large posterior puddle. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Andrea Pirone; Vincenzo Miragliotta; Bruno Cozzi; Alberto Granato. The Claustrum of the Pig: An Immunohistochemical and a Quantitative Golgi Study. The Anatomical Record 2019, 302, 1638 -1646.

AMA Style

Andrea Pirone, Vincenzo Miragliotta, Bruno Cozzi, Alberto Granato. The Claustrum of the Pig: An Immunohistochemical and a Quantitative Golgi Study. The Anatomical Record. 2019; 302 (9):1638-1646.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea Pirone; Vincenzo Miragliotta; Bruno Cozzi; Alberto Granato. 2019. "The Claustrum of the Pig: An Immunohistochemical and a Quantitative Golgi Study." The Anatomical Record 302, no. 9: 1638-1646.

Book
Published: 01 January 2019 in Atlas of the Anatomy of Dolphins and Whales
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ACS Style

Stefan Huggenberger; Helmut Oelschläger; Bruno Cozzi. Atlas of the Anatomy of Dolphins and Whales. Atlas of the Anatomy of Dolphins and Whales 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Stefan Huggenberger, Helmut Oelschläger, Bruno Cozzi. Atlas of the Anatomy of Dolphins and Whales. Atlas of the Anatomy of Dolphins and Whales. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefan Huggenberger; Helmut Oelschläger; Bruno Cozzi. 2019. "Atlas of the Anatomy of Dolphins and Whales." Atlas of the Anatomy of Dolphins and Whales , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Journal of Experimental Biology
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The retia mirabilia are vascular nets composed by small vessels dispersed among numerous veins, allowing blood storage, regulation of flow, and pressure damping effects. Here we investigated their potential role during the diving phase of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). To this effect, the whole vertebral retia mirabilia of a series of dolphins were removed during post-mortem analysis and examined to assess vessel diameters, estimate vascular volume, and flow rate. Here we formulate a new hemodynamic model to help clarify vascular dynamics throughout the diving phase, based on the total blood volume of a bottlenose dolphin, and using data available about the perfusion of the main organs and body systems. We computed the minimum blood perfusion necessary to the internal organs, and the stroke volume (sv) and cardiac output (co) during the surface state. We then simulated breath-holding conditions and perfusion of the internal organs under the diving-induced bradycardia and reduction of sv and co, using 10 bpm as limit for the heart rate for an extended dive of over 3 minutes. Within these simulated conditions, the retia mirabilia play a vital role as a reservoir of oxygenated blood that permit functional performances and survival of the heart and brain. Our theoretical model, based on the actual blood capacity of the retia mirabilia and available data on organ perfusion, considers the dynamic trend of vasoconstriction during diving phase and may represent a baseline for future studies on the diving physiology of dolphins and especially for the blood supply to their brain.

ACS Style

Marco Bonato; Paola Bagnoli; Cinzia Centelleghe; Mike Maric; Ginevra Brocca; Sandro Mazzariol; Bruno Cozzi. Dynamics of blood circulation during diving in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The role of the retia mirabilia. Journal of Experimental Biology 2019, 222, jeb.198457 .

AMA Style

Marco Bonato, Paola Bagnoli, Cinzia Centelleghe, Mike Maric, Ginevra Brocca, Sandro Mazzariol, Bruno Cozzi. Dynamics of blood circulation during diving in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The role of the retia mirabilia. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2019; 222 ():jeb.198457.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Bonato; Paola Bagnoli; Cinzia Centelleghe; Mike Maric; Ginevra Brocca; Sandro Mazzariol; Bruno Cozzi. 2019. "Dynamics of blood circulation during diving in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The role of the retia mirabilia." Journal of Experimental Biology 222, no. : jeb.198457.

Book
Published: 01 January 2019 in Metallkunde
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Alle prüfungsrelevanten Inhalte der Neuroanatomie für die Vorklinik sind in diesem Buch übersichtlich, kompakt und verständlich erklärt. Viele klinische Beispiele schlagen die Brücke zur späteren Berufspraxis. Die durchdachte Didaktik hilft beim schnellen Verständnis und einfachen Lernen. Profitieren Sie von der langjährigen Erfahrung der Dozenten, die sorgfältig das Wesentliche für Sie ausgewählt und aufbereitet haben. Der Inhalt Zahlreiche farbige Abbildungen verdeutlichen anatomische Zusammenhänge Viele Fotos anatomischer Präparationen illustrieren die im Text beschriebenen Befunde Leichtes Verständnis durch Fokus auf funktionelle Zusammenhänge Inklusive klinischer Bezüge und Fallbeispiele Spezielle Exkursboxen vertiefen wichtige Themen Die Autoren Dr. phil. nat. Stefan Huggenberger ist Zoologe und Dozent am Institut II für Anatomie - Neuroanatomie der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln. Dr.rer. medic. Natasha Moser ist Biologin und Dozentin am Institut II für Anatomie - Neuroanatomie der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln.Univ.- Prof. Dr. med. Hannsjörg Schröder ist Geschäftsführender Direktor des Instituts II für Anatomie - Neuroanatomie der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln.Bruno Cozzi, Ph.D. (Health Sciences, Copenhagen, DK) ist Professor für Anatomie am Institut für Vergleichende Biomedizin und Ernährungswissenschaften der Universität Padua (Italien).Alberto Granato, M.D. ist Anatomieprofessor am Institut für Psychologie der Katholischen Universität Mailand (Italien). Adalberto Merighi, Ph.D. (Neuroscience, London, UK) ist Professor für Anatomie am Institut für Veterinärwissenschaften an der Universität Turin (Italien).

ACS Style

Stefan Huggenberger; Natasha Moser; Hannsjörg Schröder; Bruno Cozzi; Alberto Granato; Adalberto Merighi. Neuroanatomie des Menschen. Metallkunde 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Stefan Huggenberger, Natasha Moser, Hannsjörg Schröder, Bruno Cozzi, Alberto Granato, Adalberto Merighi. Neuroanatomie des Menschen. Metallkunde. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefan Huggenberger; Natasha Moser; Hannsjörg Schröder; Bruno Cozzi; Alberto Granato; Adalberto Merighi. 2019. "Neuroanatomie des Menschen." Metallkunde , no. : 1.