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In humans, various sites like cannabinoid receptors (CBR) having a binding affinity with cannabinoids are distributed on the surface of different cell types, where endocannabinoids (ECs) and derivatives of fatty acid can bind. The binding of these substance(s) triggers the activation of specific receptors required for various physiological functions, including pain sensation, memory, and appetite. The ECs and CBR perform multiple functions via the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1); cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), having a key effect in restraining neurotransmitters and the arrangement of cytokines. The role of cannabinoids in the immune system is illustrated because of their immunosuppressive characteristics. These characteristics include inhibition of leucocyte proliferation, T cells apoptosis, and induction of macrophages along with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. The review seeks to discuss the functional relationship between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and anti-tumor characteristics of cannabinoids in various cancers. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for cancer—both in vivo and in vitro clinical trials—has also been highlighted and reported to be effective in mice models in arthritis for the inflammation reduction, neuropathic pain, positive effect in multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes mellitus, and found beneficial for treating in various cancers. In human models, such studies are limited; thereby, further research is indispensable in this field to get a conclusive outcome. Therefore, in autoimmune disorders, therapeutic cannabinoids can serve as promising immunosuppressive and anti-fibrotic agents.
Ishtiaq Ahmed; Saif Rehman; Shiva Shahmohamadnejad; Muhammad Zia; Muhammad Ahmad; Muhammad Saeed; Zain Akram; Hafiz Iqbal; QingYou Liu. Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders. Molecules 2021, 26, 3389 .
AMA StyleIshtiaq Ahmed, Saif Rehman, Shiva Shahmohamadnejad, Muhammad Zia, Muhammad Ahmad, Muhammad Saeed, Zain Akram, Hafiz Iqbal, QingYou Liu. Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders. Molecules. 2021; 26 (11):3389.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshtiaq Ahmed; Saif Rehman; Shiva Shahmohamadnejad; Muhammad Zia; Muhammad Ahmad; Muhammad Saeed; Zain Akram; Hafiz Iqbal; QingYou Liu. 2021. "Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders." Molecules 26, no. 11: 3389.
In the late twentieth century, the only cost-effective opportunity for waste removal cost at least several thousand dollars, but nowadays, a lot of improvement has occurred. The biomass and waste generation problems attracted concerned authorities to identify and provide environmentally friendly sustainable solutions that possess environmental and economic benefits. The present study emphasises the valorisation of biomass and waste produced by domestic and industrial sectors. Therefore, substantial research is ongoing to replace the traditional treatment methods that potentially acquire less detrimental effects. Synthetic biology can be a unique platform that invites all the relevant characters for designing and assembling an efficient program that could be useful to handle the increasing threat for human beings. In the future, these engineered methods will not only revolutionise our lives but practically lead us to get cheaper biofuels, producing bioenergy, pharmaceutics, and various biochemicals. The bioaugmentation approach concomitant with microbial fuel cells (MFC) is an example that is used to produce electricity from municipal waste, which is directly associated with the loading of waste. Beyond the traditional opportunities, herein, we have spotlighted the new advances in pertinent technology closely related to production and reduction approaches. Various integrated modern techniques and aspects related to the industrial sector are also discussed with suitable examples, including green energy and other industrially relevant products. However, many problems persist in present-day technology that requires essential efforts to handle thoroughly because significant valorisation of biomass and waste involves integrated methods for timely detection, classification, and separation. We reviewed and proposed the anticipated dispensation methods to overcome the growing stream of biomass and waste at a distinct and organisational scale.
Ishtiaq Ahmed; Muhammad Zia; Huma Afzal; Shaheez Ahmed; Muhammad Ahmad; Zain Akram; Farooq Sher; Hafiz Iqbal. Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4200 .
AMA StyleIshtiaq Ahmed, Muhammad Zia, Huma Afzal, Shaheez Ahmed, Muhammad Ahmad, Zain Akram, Farooq Sher, Hafiz Iqbal. Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4200.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshtiaq Ahmed; Muhammad Zia; Huma Afzal; Shaheez Ahmed; Muhammad Ahmad; Zain Akram; Farooq Sher; Hafiz Iqbal. 2021. "Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4200.
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an actin cytoskeleton that comprises a set of protein components analogous to those found in the actin cytoskeletons of higher eukaryotes. Furthermore, the actin cytoskeletons of S. cerevisiae and of higher eukaryotes have some similar physiological roles. The genetic tractability of budding yeast and the availability of a stable haploid cell type facilitates the application of molecular genetic approaches to assign functions to the various actin cytoskeleton components. This has provided information that is in general complementary to that provided by studies of the equivalent proteins of higher eukaryotes and hence has enabled a more complete view of the role of these proteins. Several human functional homologues of yeast actin effectors are implicated in diseases. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the functions of these proteins is critical to develop improved therapeutic strategies. In this article we chose as examples four evolutionarily conserved proteins that associate with the actin cytoskeleton: (1) yeast Hof1p/mammalian PSTPIP1, (2) yeast Rvs167p/mammalian BIN1, (3) yeast eEF1A/eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 and (4) yeast Yih1p/mammalian IMPACT. We compare the knowledge on the functions of these actin cytoskeleton-associated proteins that has arisen from studies of their homologues in yeast with information that has been obtained from in vivo studies using live animals or in vitro studies using cultured animal cell lines.
Zain Akram; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Heike Mack; RamanDeep Kaur; Richard C. Silva; Beatriz A. Castilho; Sylvie Friant; Evelyn Sattlegger; Alan L. Munn. Yeast as a Model to Understand Actin-Mediated Cellular Functions in Mammals—Illustrated with Four Actin Cytoskeleton Proteins. Cells 2020, 9, 672 .
AMA StyleZain Akram, Ishtiaq Ahmed, Heike Mack, RamanDeep Kaur, Richard C. Silva, Beatriz A. Castilho, Sylvie Friant, Evelyn Sattlegger, Alan L. Munn. Yeast as a Model to Understand Actin-Mediated Cellular Functions in Mammals—Illustrated with Four Actin Cytoskeleton Proteins. Cells. 2020; 9 (3):672.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZain Akram; Ishtiaq Ahmed; Heike Mack; RamanDeep Kaur; Richard C. Silva; Beatriz A. Castilho; Sylvie Friant; Evelyn Sattlegger; Alan L. Munn. 2020. "Yeast as a Model to Understand Actin-Mediated Cellular Functions in Mammals—Illustrated with Four Actin Cytoskeleton Proteins." Cells 9, no. 3: 672.
ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) machinery drives different cellular processes such as endosomal sorting, organelle biogenesis, vesicular trafficking, maintenance of plasma membrane integrity, membrane fission during cytokinesis and enveloped virus budding. The normal cycle of assembly and disassembly of some ESCRT complexes at the membrane requires the AAA-ATPase vacuolar protein sorting 4 (Vps4p). A number of ESCRT proteins are hijacked by clinically significant enveloped viruses including Ebola, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) to enable enveloped virus budding and Vps4p provides energy for the disassembly/recycling of these ESCRT proteins. Several years ago, the failure of the terminal budding process of HIV following Vps4 protein inhibition was published; although at that time a detailed understanding of the molecular players was missing. However, later it was acknowledged that the ESCRT machinery has a role in enveloped virus budding from cells due to its role in the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway. The MVB sorting pathway facilitates several cellular activities in uninfected cells, such as the down-regulation of signaling through cell surface receptors as well as the process of viral budding from infected host cells. In this review, we focus on summarising the functional organisation of ESCRT proteins at the membrane and the role of ESCRT machinery and Vps4p during MVB sorting and enveloped viral budding.
Ishtiaq Ahmed; Zain Akram; Hafiz Iqbal; Alan L. Munn. The regulation of Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport and accessory proteins in multivesicular body sorting and enveloped viral budding - An overview. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2019, 127, 1 -11.
AMA StyleIshtiaq Ahmed, Zain Akram, Hafiz Iqbal, Alan L. Munn. The regulation of Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport and accessory proteins in multivesicular body sorting and enveloped viral budding - An overview. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019; 127 ():1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshtiaq Ahmed; Zain Akram; Hafiz Iqbal; Alan L. Munn. 2019. "The regulation of Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport and accessory proteins in multivesicular body sorting and enveloped viral budding - An overview." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 127, no. : 1-11.