Regarding the terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) gap between the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-on (-FO) gravity satellite missions, a BEAST (Bayesian estimator of abrupt change, seasonal change and trend)+GMDH (group method of data handling) gap-filling scheme driven by hydrological and meteorological data is proposed. Considering these driving data usually cannot fully capture the trend changes of the TWSA time series, we propose first to use the BEAST algorithm to perform piecewise linear detrending for the TWSA series and then fill the gap of the detrended series using the GMDH algorithm. The complete gap-filling TWSAs can be readily obtained after adding back the previously removed piecewise trend. By comparing the simulated gap filled by BEAST + GMDH using Multiple Linear Regression and Singular Spectrum Analysis with reference values, the results show that the BEAST + GMDH scheme is superior to the latter two in terms of the correlation coefficient, Nash-efficiency coefficient, and root-mean-square error. The real GRACE/GFO gap filled by BEAST + GMDH is consistent with those from hydrological models, Swarm TWSAs, and other literature regarding spatial distribution patterns. The correlation coefficients there between are, respectively, above 0.90, 0.80, and 0.90 in most of the global river basins.

Multi-filamentary Nb₃Sn strand for ITER has been successfully fabricated by a conventional internal-tin (IT) route at Western Superconducting Technologies, Co. Ltd. All the performances of the IT Nb₃Sn strand is able tomeet the ITER specifications. In 2010, one hundred kilograms of IT Nb₃Sn strand has been cabled, jacketed and integrated into conductor sample titled with TFCN2 by ASIPP in China and tested in CRPP, Switzerland. After 1200 cycles warm-up and cooling down, T_cs of the TFCN2 Sultan sample at 10.78 T, 4.5 K are 6.35 K for the left leg and 6.37 K for the right leg, respectively, which is larger than the ITER lower limit of 5.7 K. This is the first successful Sultan sample made of Chinese Nb₃Sn strand. In 2011, the influence of applied axial strain on critical current (I_c) was investigated using TFCN2 strand in the University of Twente, the Netherland. The irreversible degradation of I_c starts around +0.23% tensile intrinsic strain. The heat treatment influence of the duration at 650 °C on microstructure and performance was also studied. It was found that the fraction of un-reacted Nb after heat treatment is dependent on the position in the cross section. The hysteresis loss increases much faster than I_c when the duration at 650 °C increased.

The High Intensity Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) is a new engineering project proposed by Institute of Modern Physics (IMP) of China. Various types of superconducting wires with the matrix of CuNi alloy for HIAF project were successfully developed by WST. NbTi/Cu5Ni superconducting wires with filaments number of 10800, 12960, 15984, 23760, 36720 and 44064 were designed and fabricated by a double stacking method. In this study, the microstructure and influence of a heat treatment on the critical current density, hysteresis loss and number of breaks of NbTi/Cu5Ni superconducting wire are investigated. It is demonstrated that when the number of heat treatments increases from 3 to 5, the critical current density increases from 2324 to 2699 A/mm ² at 5T&4.2K for a 10800-filament wire. However, the number of breaks per one billet increases from 0 to 3. The maximum and minimum piece length is 3500 and 1000 m, respectively. The Nb barrier fracture results in the formation of the Ti-Cu compound between NbTi filaments and Copper during intermediate heat treatment. By reducing the Cu/Sc of sub-elements and improving the Cu shell thickness of the final billet, the deformation of outer filament is relatively favorable, which can enhance the critical current density and reduce hysteresis loss. The critical current density of six designed wires is between 2600 and 2700 A/mm ² and ‘n’ value is between 35 and 48 at 5T&4.2K, indicating a high filament quality and that no filament breakage occurs in the wire. The Cu5Ni alloy is regarded as the inter-filament matrix to reduce inter-filament coupling currents loss. When the filament number increases from 10800 to 44064 and the diameter of NbTi filament reduces from 4.5 to 2.5 μm, the hysteresis losses reduce from 38.5 to 26.2 mJ/cm ³ at ±3T. The average piece length of six designed wires is more than 2000 m, revealing the ability of mass production for WST. After 5 years investigations WST have developed several designs and the fabrication technology of this type of wire and can completely satisfy the requirements of HIAF magnets.

Multipath is a source of error that limits the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning precision in short baselines. The tightly combined model between systems increases the number of observations and enhances the strength of the mathematical model owing to the continuous improvement in GNSS. Multipath mitigation of the multi-GNSS tightly combined model can improve the positioning precision in complex environments. Interoperability of the multipath hemispherical map (MHM) models of different systems can enhance the performance of the MHM model due to the small multipath differences in single overlapping frequencies. The adoption of advanced sidereal filtering (ASF) to model the multipath for each satellite brings computational challenges owing to the characteristics of the multi-constellation heterogeneity of different systems; the balance efficiency and precision become the key issues affecting the performance of the MHM model owing to the sparse characteristics of the satellite distribution. Therefore, we propose a modified MHM method to mitigate the multipath for single-frequency multi-GNSS tightly combined positioning. The method divides the hemispherical map into 36 × 9 grids at 10° × 10° resolution and then searches with the elevation angle and azimuth angle as independent variables to obtain the multipath value of the nearest point. We used the k-d tree to improve the search efficiency without affecting precision. Experiments show that the proposed method improves the mean precision over ASF by 10.20%, 10.77%, and 9.29% for GPS, BDS, and Galileo satellite single-difference residuals, respectively. The precision improvements of the modified MHM in the E, N, and U directions were 32.82%, 40.65%, and 31.97%, respectively. The modified MHM exhibits greater performance and behaves more consistently.

Open-pit mines contain rapidly changing terrain, discontinuous bench structures, and mixed artificial–natural objects, which complicate automated three-dimensional mapping. This study presents a dual-module workflow for UAV LiDAR point clouds. Module A characterizes local geometry using normal and curvature descriptors, constructs local plane support through RANSAC fitting, and detects candidate bench-line points using an angular-gap criterion, followed by regional grouping and Kalman-filter refinement. Qualitative overlay with the orthophoto showed coherent correspondence with principal platform–slope transitions. Module B segments buildings, roads, and vegetation using a PointNet++ network enhanced by local Transformer self-attention and inverted residual feature transformation. Under a fixed spatial hold-out setting, the network achieved an overall accuracy of 97.6% and a mean intersection over union of 96.4%. It obtained the highest overall accuracy, mean intersection over union, and class-wise intersection over union among the selected baselines, whereas Point Transformer achieved a slightly higher mean class accuracy. The two independently operated modules provide complementary structural and semantic information for open-pit mine mapping. Broader applicability requires reference-based bench-line assessment and evaluation across additional mines and survey periods.