O tomate ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is at the top of the ranking among the most consumed vegetables in the world and can be grown in open fields and, mainly, in agricultural greenhouses. Therefore, the adjustment of phosphate fertilizer in its cultivation can influence higher yields, fruit quality and nutritional status. In view of the socioeconomic importance of tomatoes due to their antioxidant properties, bioactive compounds, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and the guarantee of jobs for farmers, this literature review seeks to present a study that provides technical and scientific data on general and the important role of phosphate fertilization in tomato cultivation. The main focus of this study is justified by the absence of studies that analyze the general aspects and the responses of the tomato in function of the water deficit and doses and sources of phosphorus. Through the analysis of secondary data available in the literature related to the theme, there is a difficulty in adjusting the phosphate fertilizer according to the appropriate choice of doses and sources to be applied. Furthermore, as it is a vegetable sensitive to water deficit, fruit yield and quality can be influenced by the amount of water that is applied and the management of irrigation in combination with the correct amount of fertilizer.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de um híbrido de milho inoculado com Azospirillum brasilense sob diferentes doses de nitrogênio em cobertura. O experimento foi desenvolvido nas condições de campo em sistema de plantio convencional, na estação experimental do Instituto Federal Goiano (Rio Verde, GO), no ano agrícola de 2012.

Sugarcane is the most promising among renewable biofuel-producing crops. An adequate availability of water and nutrients, especially nitrogen (N), is of utmost importance. From the hypothesis that the source and the rate of N fertilization influence the N use efficiency of an irrigated soil–sugarcane system, this study aimed to evaluate the stalk and crop residues (pointer and leaves) yield, as well as the N utilization, from different rates of ammonium nitrate and urea by irrigated sugarcane in the cane plant cycle, using an ¹⁵N isotopic dilution technique. The soil used for the experiment was an Oxisol (Rhodic Haplustox) Cerrado (savannah) phase. The experiment was carried out at a farm of the Raízen Mill, which was located in the municipality of Jataí, Goias State, Brazil. The sugarcane variety IACSP95–5000 was used in a randomized block design, with three replicates, four N rates (30, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha⁻¹), and two fertilizer sources labeled with ¹⁵N isotopes (urea and ammonium nitrate). The average value for N utilization was 60.17% for the ammonium nitrate source and 44.95% for urea. The responses in the percentage and quantity of N in the sugarcane from the fertilizer increase with the increasing N rate. The soil was the main N source for sugarcane. The higher stalk and pointer yield was recorded at the average rate of 143.61 kg N ha⁻¹. Further studies are needed to evaluate the residual effect of N in the next cycles.

REPOSIÇÃO HÍDRICA E ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA NA CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR VIA GOTEJAMENTO SUBSUPERFICIAL: CANA-PLANTA E CANA-SOCA - 10.7127/rbai.v11n600642

The relevance of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in the agribusiness is irrefutable because it not only contributes greatly to the development of countries but is also an important source of job creation and income generation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stalk productivity (SP) and sugar and alcohol yields of plant and ratoon crops of sugarcane (variety IACSP 95-5000) under N and Zn fertigation treatments using a central pivot, in Cerrado Red Latosol soil. The experiment was conducted under field conditions, in the municipality of Jataí, Goiás (GO), Brazil. A randomized block design was used, with a 4 × 5 split-plot arrangement and three replications. The fertilization treatments consisted of four doses of N (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha⁻¹) and five doses of Zn (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 kg ha⁻¹) in plant and ratoon crops. N fertilization treatments, in the form of urea, were divided into three applications from 60 days after planting. Zn fertilization, in the form of Zn sulfate, was applied in a single application. Sugarcane was harvested 330 days after planting. The productivity (SP) was determined by weighing the stalks present in the respective subplots. Sugar and alcohol yields were calculated from the amount of raw sugar determined in the technological analysis. The sugar and alcohol yields of sugarcane (variety IACSP 95-5000) were improved with the fertigation of 180 kg ha⁻¹ of N, in relation to Zn doses. Compared with the control (without N fertigation), sugarcane productivity (plant and ratoon crops) increased by 38.90% and 13.70% when treated with 180 kg ha⁻¹ of N at the Zn dose of 10 kg ha⁻¹. Sugarcane (variety IACSP 95-5000) has productive performance, sugar and alcohol yield, optimized and maximized when fertigated with 10 kg ha⁻¹ of zinc and 180 kg ha⁻¹ of nitrogen.

1 RESUMO O estudo do transporte dos componentes químicos da vinhaça no perfil do solo é importante, tanto do ponto de vista ambiental quanto econômico. O uso da modelagem computacional nos permite de maneira precisa e rápida o monitoramento do deslocamento de solutos, importante na prevenção de impactos ambientais. Portanto, a obtenção e o entendimento dos parâmetros de transporte de solutos no solo auxiliam na redução da sua lixiviação para as camadas subsuperficiais. Neste sentido, objetivou-se, obter os parâmetros de transporte do sódio e potássio via vinhaça, a velocidade da água nos poros, o fator de retardamento, a dispersividade e o coeficiente de dispersão, tendo sido este trabalho feito em laboratório com colunas de solo Nitossolo Vermelho eutrófico. O ensaio foi conduzido empregando amostras deformadas coletadas na camada de 0-20 cm, posteriormente, a estas amostras foi aplicada vinhaça. Após a obtenção dos parâmetros de transporte, ajustados pelo programa computacional DISP, notou-se que as curvas de efluentes para ambos os íons estudados apresentaram semelhança em sua inclinação. Pelos resultados obtidos, os parâmetros de transporte evidenciaram positivamente os efeitos de adsorção e de deslocamento dos íons sódio e potássio presentes na vinhaça, principalmente em relação ao íon potássio.   Palavras-Chave: sódio; potássio; transporte de solutos; curva de eluição.     SILVA, N. F. da; LELIS NETO, J. A.; TEIXEIRA, M. B.; CUNHA, F. N.; MIRANDA, J. H. de; COELHO, D. C.  DISTRIBUTION OF SOLUTES IN SOIL COLUMNS WITH VINASSE     2 ABSTRACT   The study of transport of chemical components of the vinasse in the soil profile is important, both environmentally and economical. Given this, the use of computational modeling is important as it allows for precise and fast way to monitor the movement of solutes in the prevention of environmental impacts. Therefore, obtaining and understanding the parameters of solute transport in the soil help to reduce leaching to the deep layers. In this sense, our aim was to work with these additional transport parameters of sodium and potassium via vinasse, as the speed of pore water velocity, retardation factor, dispersivity and the dispersion coefficient, was performed in laboratory columns soil Alfisol. The test was conducted using the deformed samples collected at 0-20 cm, later applied to vinasse. After obtaining the transport parameters, adjusted by the computer program DISP, it was noted that the effluent curves for both ions studied showed similarity in its slope. The results obtained transport parameters showed positive effects of adsorption and displacement of sodium and potassium ions present in the vinasse, especially in relation to potassium ion.   Keywords: sodium; potassium; solute transport; breakthrough curve.