O tomate ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is at the top of the ranking among the most consumed vegetables in the world and can be grown in open fields and, mainly, in agricultural greenhouses. Therefore, the adjustment of phosphate fertilizer in its cultivation can influence higher yields, fruit quality and nutritional status. In view of the socioeconomic importance of tomatoes due to their antioxidant properties, bioactive compounds, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and the guarantee of jobs for farmers, this literature review seeks to present a study that provides technical and scientific data on general and the important role of phosphate fertilization in tomato cultivation. The main focus of this study is justified by the absence of studies that analyze the general aspects and the responses of the tomato in function of the water deficit and doses and sources of phosphorus. Through the analysis of secondary data available in the literature related to the theme, there is a difficulty in adjusting the phosphate fertilizer according to the appropriate choice of doses and sources to be applied. Furthermore, as it is a vegetable sensitive to water deficit, fruit yield and quality can be influenced by the amount of water that is applied and the management of irrigation in combination with the correct amount of fertilizer.

Current climate change scenarios require strategies that mitigate the effects of water deficits. Given that chitosan stimulates induced resistance responses, we tested the hypothesis that foliar application of this polysaccharide can have positive effects on the primary metabolite, antioxidant, and osmoregulatory metabolisms of sorghum, mitigating the effects of water deficit on grain yield. Sorghum plants were cultivated under either irrigated or water-deficit conditions and were either treated or untreated with chitosan, and we assessed the following responses: water potential, gas exchange, nutritional status, biosynthesis of primary and osmoregulatory metabolites, the activity of the antioxidant system constituents, and hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents. An active methodology was used to impose water stress on plants grown in pots with 20 kg of soil, 06 replications per treatment. Sorghum plants subjected to water deficit that were treated with chitosan exhibited higher stomatal conductance and transpiration than the untreated plants. Water restriction reduced the nutrient contents of leaves, but in the irrigated plants, chitosan treatment increased the tissue contents of certain nutrients and leaf concentrations of total proteins and total amino acids. In the plants under water-deficit conditions that were treated with chitosan, an elevated photosynthetic rate contributed to an increase in carbohydrate accumulation and a higher production of panicle and grain dry biomass compared with the untreated plants. The activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase also increased in response to chitosan. Overall, chitosan was effective in enhancing the water deficit tolerance of sorghum plants cultivated under water-deficit conditions by 57%. With this work, we generate perspectives for studies focusing on the development of water-deficit-resistant sorghum lineages, by means of chitosan elicitation.

Scleroderma verrucosum is a species of mushroom belonging to the family Sclerodermataceae found in the Americas and Europe. This study aimed to evaluate the 70% ethanol extract of the vegetative part of the mushroom S. verrucosum for qualitative phytochemical constituents and total content of flavonoids and phenolics, and the DPPH free radical reduction activity. Mushroom extract was prepared in 70% ethanol solution. Qualitative phytochemical assay was performed for different groups using colorimetric reagents. The contents of total flavonoids and phenolics, and antioxidant activity in reducing the DPPH free radical were quantitatively determined. The positive presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenoids, steroids, tannins, organic acids, reducing sugars, aromatic compounds and carboxylic acids were observed. The extract exhibited total flavonoid content = 60.14 QE 100 g-1, for total phenolics = 309.14 GAE 100 g-1 and free radical reduction of = 5.97 µg mL-1. Mushroom extract Scleroderma verrucosum demonstrated the presence of several medicinal important phytochemical groups as well as total flavonoid and phenolic content that exhibit the potential for antioxidant activity.

EFICIÊNCIA DOS BIOESTIMULANTES NO MANEJO DO DÉFICIT HÍDRICO NA CULTURA DA SOJA WENDSON SOARES DA SILVA CAVALCANTE1; NELMÍCIO FURTADO DA SILVA2; MARCONI BATISTA TEIXEIRA3; FERNANDO RODRIGUES CABRAL FILHO4; PAULO EUSTÁQUIO REZENDE NASCIMENTO5 E FERNANDO RESENDE CORRÊA6 1Acadêmico do Curso de Agronomia, UniBRAS - Faculdade Rio Verde, R. Doze de Outubro, 42 - Jardim Adriana, CEP 75906-577, Rio Verde - GO, Brasil. E-mail: wendsonbfsoarescvt@gmail.com 2Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor em Ciências Agrárias - Agronomia, Laboratório de Hidráulica e Irrigação do IF Goiano – Campus Rio Verde, Professor na UniBRAS - Faculdade Rio Verde, Rio Verde - GO. R. Doze de Outubro, 42 - Jardim Adriana, CEP 75906-577, Rio Verde - GO, Brasil. E-mail: nelmiciofurtado@gmail.com 3Eng. Agrônomo, Prof. Dr. em Agronomia, IF Goiano - Campus Rio Verde, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Zona Rural, Rio Verde – GO, Brasil, CEP 75.901-970. E-mail: marconibt@gmail.com 4Eng. Agrônomo, Doutorando em Ciências Agrárias - Agronomia, Laboratório de Hidráulica e Irrigação do IF Goiano – Campus Rio Verde, Professor na UniBRAS - Faculdade Rio Verde, R. Doze de Outubro, 42 - Jardim Adriana, CEP 75906-577, Rio Verde - GO, Brasil. E-mail: fernandorcfilho10@gmail.com 5Eng. Agrícola e Engenheiro de Segurança do Trabalho, Doutorando em Ciências Agrárias - Agronomia, Laboratório de Hidráulica e Irrigação do IF Goiano – Campus Rio Verde, Professor na UniRV – Universidade de Rio Verde, Fazenda Fontes do Saber, s/n, CEP 75901-970, Rio Verde - GO, Brasil. E-mail: paulo_eustaquio@unirv.edu.br 6Eng. Agrônomo, Mestre em Ciências Agrárias - Agronomia, IF Goiano – Campus Rio Verde, Professor na UniBRAS - Faculdade Rio Verde, R. Doze de Outubro, 42 - Jardim Adriana, CEP 75906-577, Rio Verde - GO, Brasil. E-mail: fernandorvcorrea@gmail.com 1 RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as características fisiológicas e a produtividade de grãos da soja submetida a aplicação de diferentes bioestimulantes a base de macronutrientes, micronutrientes, aminoácidos, extratos vegetais e outras substâncias e complexos naturais. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (FEPE) da UniBRAS - Faculdade Rio Verde, Rio Verde - GO. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Nos tratamentos foram testados 5 bioestimulantes isoladamente: T1) Aminoácidos; T2) Extrato de Alga; T3) Ácidos fúlvicos; T4) Fitohormônios; T5) Nutrientes e T6) Controle. Foram avaliadas as variáveis biométricas, fisiológicas, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos. Os dados biométricos, fisiológicos, massa de 100 grãos e a produtividade de grãos, foram submetidos a análise de variância (a 5% de probabilidade) e os casos de significância foram submetidos ao teste de média (Tukey a 5% de probabilidade), utilizando o software estatístico SISVAR®. O uso de bioestimulantes promoveram uma maior resiliência no déficit hídrico, bem como aumentos fisiológicos e de produtividade expressivos na cultura da soja, além de proporcionar uma maior proteção à planta, mostrando a eficiência do uso dos bioestimulantes em promover maior capacidade de suportar um período de déficit hídrico. Palavras-Chave: Glycine max; estresse hídrico; potencial hídrico. CAVALCANTE, W. S. S.; SILVA, N. F.; TEIXEIRA, M. B.; CABRAL FILHO, F. R.; NASCIMENTO, P. E. R.; CORRÊA, F. R. EFFICIENCY OF BIOESTIMULANTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER DEFICIT IN SOYBEAN CULTURE 2 ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the physiological characteristics and grain yield of soybeans submitted to the application of different biostimulants based on macronutrients, micronutrients, amino acids, plant extracts and other substances and natural complexes. The experiment was developed at the Teaching, Research and Extension Farm (FEPE) of UniBRAS - Faculdade Rio Verde, Rio Verde - GO. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with four replications. In the treatments, 5 biostimulants were tested separately: T1) Amino acids; T2) Seaweed Extract; T3) Fulvic acids; T4) Phytohormones; T5) Nutrients and T6) Control. Biometric and physiological variables, the mass of 100 grains and grain yield were evaluated. Biometric and physiological data, the mass of 100 grains and grain yield were subjected to analysis of variance (at 5% probability) and significance cases were subjected to the mean test (Tukey at 5% probability), using the SISVAR® statistical software. The use of biostimulants promoted greater resilience in the water deficit, as well as significant physiological and productivity increases in the soybean culture, in addition to providing greater protection to the plant, showing the efficiency of the use of biostimulants in promoting greater capacity to support a period of water deficit. Keywords: Glycine max; hydrical stress; water potential.

Although sugarcane yield is directly influenced by the availability of nitrogen (N), the efficiency of mineral N (MN) fertilization is considered to be low due to nitrate leaching and ammonia volatilization. Thus, the search for alternative sources of N that are cheaper and more consistent with sustainable farming practices has been stimulated. As chicken litter is an organic waste with the potential to supply N to major crops, we tested the hypothesis that the use of this litter as a source of organic N (ON) is as efficient as the application of MN (ammonium nitrate) in promoting the growth, nutrition, and yield of sugarcane plants grown during both plant cane and ratoon cane seasons. Experiments were conducted in a 5 × 5 × 2 subdivided plot scheme in the growing area of the Denusa Mill, Destilaria Nova União S/A, located in the midwest region of Brazil, with treatments consisting of five doses each of MN (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha⁻¹) and ON (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 T ha⁻¹), evaluated in two crop seasons (plant cane-2019/2020 and ratoon cane-2020/2021). The application of different doses of MN or ON influenced the height and number of tillers of sugar cane plants, and the application of ON, supplied by chicken litter, to this crop was as efficient as that of MN in promoting plant growth. MN and ON also increased the leaf content of N, P, and K; moreover, the absence of one source of nitrogen was compensated by the other. ON application (up to 4.8 T ha⁻¹) also increased sugarcane yield in addition to promoting growth. Furthermore, this study highlighted the superior quality of the regrowth observed in the IACSP95-5094 cultivar, which manifested in increased tillering and stem diameter, resulting in consistently higher yields in the ratoon crop.

Sugarcane is the most promising among renewable biofuel-producing crops. An adequate availability of water and nutrients, especially nitrogen (N), is of utmost importance. From the hypothesis that the source and the rate of N fertilization influence the N use efficiency of an irrigated soil–sugarcane system, this study aimed to evaluate the stalk and crop residues (pointer and leaves) yield, as well as the N utilization, from different rates of ammonium nitrate and urea by irrigated sugarcane in the cane plant cycle, using an ¹⁵N isotopic dilution technique. The soil used for the experiment was an Oxisol (Rhodic Haplustox) Cerrado (savannah) phase. The experiment was carried out at a farm of the Raízen Mill, which was located in the municipality of Jataí, Goias State, Brazil. The sugarcane variety IACSP95–5000 was used in a randomized block design, with three replicates, four N rates (30, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha⁻¹), and two fertilizer sources labeled with ¹⁵N isotopes (urea and ammonium nitrate). The average value for N utilization was 60.17% for the ammonium nitrate source and 44.95% for urea. The responses in the percentage and quantity of N in the sugarcane from the fertilizer increase with the increasing N rate. The soil was the main N source for sugarcane. The higher stalk and pointer yield was recorded at the average rate of 143.61 kg N ha⁻¹. Further studies are needed to evaluate the residual effect of N in the next cycles.