The maintenance of balance in upright stance is traditionally evaluated using heavy and expensive force platforms. The aim of this work is to prove the usefulness of a low-cost wearable sensor (an actigraph) to assess postural sway. We compared the performance of the device to a gold standard force platform. We analyzed measurements of postural sway in four conditions differently challenging the subject: with eyes open or closed, while keeping a small or large base of support. We estimated the main postural parameters (ellipse area, mediolateral and antero-posterior root-mean square, eccentricity, sway path length) considering: 1) acceleration data recorded by the actigraph, and 2) traditional COP data obtained from the force platform. We found that it is possible to clearly distinguish the differences among the postural parameters, obtained in the various balance conditions, also using acceleration data. Our results show that the wearable device allows for obtaining information similar to those achievable by the force platform. This support the use of wearable devices to assess postural balance, in a handy and cheap manner.

Gait analysis applications in clinics are still uncommon, for three main reasons: (1) the considerable time needed to prepare the subject for the examination; (2) the lack of user-independent tools; (3) the large variability of muscle activation patterns observed in healthy and pathological subjects. Numerical indices quantifying the muscle coordination of a subject could enable clinicians to identify patterns that deviate from those of a reference population and to follow the progress of the subject after surgery or completing a rehabilitation program. In this work, we present two user-independent indices. First, a muscle-specific index (MFI) that quantifies the similarity of the activation pattern of a muscle of a specific subject with that of a reference population. Second, a global index (GFI) that provides a score of the overall activation of a muscle set. These two indices were tested on two groups of healthy and pathological children with encouraging results. Hence, the two indices will allow clinicians to assess the muscle activation, identifying muscles showing an abnormal activation pattern, and associate a functional score to every single muscle as well as to the entire muscle set. These opportunities could contribute to facilitating the diffusion of surface EMG analysis in clinics.

The aim of this contribution is to present a segmentation method for the identification of voluntary movements from inertial data acquired through a single inertial measurement unit placed on the subject’s wrist. Inertial data were recorded from 25 healthy subjects while performing 75 consecutive reach-to-grasp movements. The approach herein presented, called DynAMoS, is based on an adaptive thresholding step on the angular velocity norm, followed by a statistics-based post-processing on the movement duration distribution. Post-processing aims at reducing the number of erroneous transitions in the movement segmentation. We assessed the segmentation quality of this method using a stereophotogrammetric system as the gold standard. Two popular methods already presented in the literature were compared to DynAMoS in terms of the number of movements identified, onset and offset mean absolute errors, and movement duration. Moreover, we analyzed the sub-phase durations of the drinking movement to further characterize the task. The results show that the proposed method performs significantly better than the two state-of-the-art approaches (i.e., percentage of erroneous movements = 3%; onset and offset mean absolute error < 0.08 s), suggesting that DynAMoS could make more effective home monitoring applications for assessing the motion improvements of patients following domicile rehabilitation protocols.

By monitoring the movement of the body's centre of mass during daily-living activities, it is possible to gather information on an individual's functional capacity and quantify key abilities such as lower limb strength, postural control and dynamic stability. To this end, a wearable inertial measurement unit attached to the lower back can offer a practical solution for analysing CoM movement in real-world conditions. However, accelerometer-based measurements are prone to drift, limiting their suitability for long-term monitoring. To mitigate these effects, miniaturized high-resolution barometers can be integrated to provide stable direct height measurements. In this study, we developed and validated a method for the reconstruction of the vertical displacement of the centre of mass during daily activities (Transition-Based Complementary Filter). The method consisted of two steps: first, the transition intervals within which vertical displacements of the centre of mass occur are identified, then, within these intervals, the complementary filter is applied to estimate the vertical displacement. Validation was carried out on twenty healthy subjects wearing an inertial unit and a barometer on the lower back, while a marker-based stereophotogrammetry system served as reference. Participants performed a series of motor tasks replicating typical home-based activities, including standing, sitting, lying, squatting, and stair climbing. The method demonstrated high accuracy, achieving a median root mean square error of 0.02 m and a median concordance correlation coefficient of 98 %. These findings underscore its robustness and clinical utility, paving the way for improved rehabilitation strategies and enhanced patient outcomes.

Among its main benefits, telemonitoring enables personalized management of chronic diseases by means of biomarkers extracted from signals. In these applications, a thorough quality assessment is required to ensure the reliability of the monitored parameters. Motion artifacts are a common problem in recordings with wearable devices. In this work, we propose a fully automated and personalized method to detect motion artifacts in multimodal recordings devoted to the monitoring of the Cardiac Time Intervals (CTIs). The detection of motion artifacts was carried out by using template matching with a personalized template. The method yielded a balanced accuracy of 86%. Moreover, it proved effective to decrease the variability of the estimated CTIs by at least 17%. Our preliminary results show that personalized detection of motion artifacts improves the robustness of the assessment CTIs and opens to the use in wearable systems.