The study aimed to determine the performance of whiteleg shrimp culture in relation to temporal and spatial aspects and characteristics and water quality status. Measurement and sampling of water were carried out before stocking/initial stocking of culture whiteleg shrimp (rainy season) and end of culture/after harvesting of whiteleg shrimp (dry season) at two locations in the coastal area of Bulukumba Regency, namely Bonto Bahari Subdistrict (BB) and Gantarang Subdistrict (GT), and one location as a control, namely in the coastal area of Ujung Loe Subdistrict. Variables measured and analyzed included temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, total suspended solids, and total organic matter. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, multivariate statistics, and non-parametric statistics. Water quality status was determined using the Storet (Storage and Retrieval) method. The results showed that the culture of whiteleg shrimp was technology intensive with a stocking density of 110–220 ind/m² with productivity between 13.9 and 44.4 tons/ha/cycle. The predicted waste load of N is 28.00 tons/cycle and P reaches 6.61 tons/cycle. Another result was that changes in water quality status during the rainy season were classified as moderately polluted at the BB location and complying with quality standards at the GT location. In the dry season, both locations were categorized as heavily polluted. Variables of water quality that caused the decrease in water quality status in both locations (BB and GT) were observed to increase salinity, nitrate concentration, and ammonia concentration and decreased dissolved oxygen concentration in the dry season. It is recommended to carry out proper feed management, use of probiotics, and increase the capacity and capability of wastewater treatment plants to reduce ammonia and nitrate concentrations in water in coastal areas. It is necessary to determine a more precise time for whiteleg shrimp stocking by reducing the possibility that whiteleg shrimp culture will still occur at the dry season’s peak.

Every petroleum-processing plant produces sewage sludge containing several types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The degradation of PAHs via physical, biological, and chemical methods is not yet efficient. Among biological methods, the use of marine sponge symbiont bacteria is considered an alternative and promising approach in the degradation of and reduction in PAHs. This study aimed to explore the potential performance of a consortium of sponge symbiont bacteria in degrading anthracene and pyrene. Three bacterial species (Bacillus pumilus strain GLB197, Pseudomonas stutzeri strain SLG510A3-8, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain SLCDA 976) were mixed to form the consortium. The interaction between the bacterial consortium suspension and PAH components was measured at 5 day intervals for 25 days. The biodegradation performance of bacteria on PAH samples was determined on the basis of five biodegradation parameters. The analysis results showed a decrease in the concentration of anthracene (21.89%) and pyrene (7.71%), equivalent to a ratio of 3:1, followed by a decrease in the abundance of anthracene (60.30%) and pyrene (27.52%), equivalent to a ratio of 2:1. The level of pyrene degradation was lower than that of the anthracene due to fact that pyrene is more toxic and has a more stable molecular structure, which hinders its metabolism by bacterial cells. The products from the biodegradation of the two PAHs are alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and a small proportion of aromatic hydrocarbon components.

Toxic materials in waste generally contain several components of the global trending pollutant category, especially PAHs and heavy metals. Bioremediation technology for waste management that utilizes microorganisms (bacteria) has not been fully capable of breaking down these toxic materials into simple and environmentally friendly chemical products. This review paper examines the potential application of a consortium of marine sponge symbionts with high performance and efficiency in removing PAHs and heavy metal contaminants. The method was carried out through a review of several related research articles by the author and published by other researchers. The results of the study conclude that the development of global trending pollutant (GTP) bioremediation technology could be carried out to increase the efficiency of remediation. Several types of marine sponge symbiont bacteria, hydrocarbonoclastic (R-1), metalloclastic (R-2), and metallo-hydro-carbonoclastic (R-3), have the potential to be applied to improve waste removal performance. A consortium of crystalline bacterial preparations is required to mobilize into GTP-exposed sites rapidly. Bacterial symbionts of marine sponges can be traced mainly to sea sponges, whose body surface is covered with mucus.

Marzuki I, Ahmad R, Kamaruddin M, Asaf R, Armus R, Siswanty I. 2021. Performance of cultured marine sponges-symbiotic bacteria as a heavy metal bio-adsorption. Biodiversitas 22: 5536-5543. One source of heavy metal waste could be coming from industrial disposal. Contamination and accumulation of hazardous heavy metal waste are most likely to occur in water areas, It has become a global issue that urgently requires appropriate technology to address. Two marine sponge-symbiotic bacteria from the Spermonde islands, Indonesia, i.e., Bacillus cohnii strain DSM 6307 (BS) and Pseudomonas stutzeri RCH2 (PS), were used in this study. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism of heavy metal bio-adsorption of two sponge symbiotic bacteria by contact technique and are assessed their activity, capacity, and efficiency of bio-adsorption against different heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Ag, and Cd),. The bio-adsorption capacity was evaluated by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) after a predetermined contact time (4, 8, 12, and 16 days). The results demonstrated that two sponge symbiotic bacteria had bio-adsorption activities against eight different heavy metals. BS bacteria exhibited higher bio-adsorption capacity (Cr ? Zn ? Cu ? Fe ? Co ?Mn and Ag ? Cd) than that of PS bacteria (Zn ? Co ? Fe ? Mn ? Cu ? Cr and Cd ? Ag). The difference in the atomic number of heavy metals causes the characteristics of these metals to vary which affects the capacity and efficiency of bio-adsorption of sponge symbiotic bacteria to heavy metals.

Investigation has been carried out using a sponge Niphates sp. as biodegradation agent of the aliphatic hydrocarbon component of crude oil sludge. The experiment was carried out by colonizing and making suspension of Bacillus pumilus strains GLB197 and Bacillus cohnii strains of DSM 6307, isolated from sponge Niphates sp. Both types of micro symbiont suspension were mixed with sludge waste for 30 days. There are five biodegradation parameters observed, carried out every five days of incubation. Parameters that observed during incubation were pH, gas bubbles and fermentation odor. Meanwhile, the optical density of the media was measured using spectrometer-D20+, Aliphatic components degradation was measured using GC-MS. Observation of biodegradation parameters showed there was a change in pH from 7 to 6, formed gas bubbles, resulting in fermentation odors and showed an increased optical density by an average of 35%. These four parameters occur during the interaction of 10-20 days of interaction in the media. There were 20 types of aliphatic components identified in the crude oil sludge waste. Analysis of four aliphatic components, namely Tridecane, Octadecane, Tricosane, and Nonacosane showed a decrease in the average concentration of 48.11 %.

High-quality marine ecosystems are free from global trending pollutants’ (GTP) contaminants. Accuracy and caution are needed during the exploitation of marine resources during marine tourism to prevent future ecological hazards that cause chain effects on aquatic ecosystems and humans. This article identifies exposure to GTP: microplastic (MP); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); pesticide residue (PR); heavy metal (HM); and medical waste (MW), in marine ecosystems in the marine tourism area (MTA) area and Barrang Caddi Island (BCI) waters. A combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis methods were used with analytical instruments and mathematical formulas. The search results show the average total abundance of MPs in seawater (5.47 units/m³) and fish samples (7.03 units/m³), as well as in the sediment and sponge samples (8.18 units/m³) and (8.32 units/m³). Based on an analysis of the polymer structure, it was identified that the dominant light group was MPs: polyethylene (PE); polypropylene (PP); polystyrene (PS); followed by polyamide-nylon (PA); and polycarbonate (PC). Several PAH pollutants were identified in the samples. In particular, naphthalene (NL) types were the most common pollutants in all of the samples, followed by pyrene (PN), and azulene (AZ). Pb⁺² and Cu⁺² pollutants around BCI were successfully calculated, showing average concentrations in seawater of 0.164 ± 0.0002 mg/L and 0.293 ± 0.0007 mg/L, respectively, while in fish, the concentrations were 1.811 ± 0.0002 µg/g and 4.372 ± 0.0003 µg/g, respectively. Based on these findings, the BCI area is not recommended as a marine tourism destination.