The Indonesian National Police (POLRI) has succeeded in suppressing illegal artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) that has been taking place in Mount Botak, Buru Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia. However, POLRI has only succeeded in creating a temporary absence of illegal ASGM. This study aims to analyse an additional role POLRI could play in achieving social and ecological justice by promoting a positive and functioning social order. We used a case study method to collect data from documentation and literature studies on illegal ASGM cases in Mount Botak. The findings of this study reveal that pressure by POLRI against national and local governments may have a positive impact on the absence of illegal ASGM. This study recommends that POLRI should, in addition to the performance of its formal role in enforcing the law against illegal ASGM and maintaining security and order, play a role as a pressure group acting on national and local governments to promote social order and to achieve social and ecological justice for communities around local mining areas.

The transition to a circular bioeconomy system is increasingly important to support sustainability in the forestry industry sector. However, in practice, this remains difficult to implement, especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This study aims to understand how the transition to a circular system occurs and to formulate a suitable business model for the SME-based wood furniture industry in Indonesia. This study adopts a qualitative approach combining the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) framework, SWOT analysis, and Ecocanvas model, supported by field data. The results show that the transition to a circular system does not occur quickly but rather gradually, adjusted to business conditions. This occurs because business actors have various limitations, such as technology, capital, knowledge, skills, and systems that are not well organized. To address these conditions, business actors do not immediately change their entire work system, but gradually adapt existing work methods to circular practices. From this process, a hybrid circular business model is formed, namely a combination of old and new methods. These findings indicate that the transition to a circular bioeconomy in SMEs is adaptive and strongly influenced by local conditions. Therefore, a realistic approach is key to driving sustainable change. The results of this study also provide input for policymakers and business actors in designing strategies that are easier to implement.

Savings and credit cooperatives support financial inclusion, community-based economic participation, and the social economy in emerging countries, yet their protection mechanisms are often discussed through models designed for commercial banks. This article examines whether bank-based deposit insurance is institutionally suitable for Indonesian savings and credit cooperatives and how alternative protection arrangements can be designed without weakening cooperative governance. Using conceptual institutional analysis and comparative policy analysis, the article combines institutional economics, financial safety net theory, cooperative governance literature, Indonesian regulatory developments, and comparative lessons from European cooperative banking systems, particularly Germany’s Institutional Protection Scheme. The analysis shows that direct transplantation of bank-centric deposit insurance may create institutional mismatch because cooperative members may simultaneously act as owners, savers, borrowers, users, and governance participants. The article develops the Contextualized Cooperative Deposit Protection Design (CC-DPD) framework, integrating external protection with federated risk pooling, tiered eligibility, peer monitoring, early intervention, and governance-aligned incentives. It contributes to debates on institutional resilience, social economy sustainability, and inclusive financial governance by showing that financial safety nets are not institutionally neutral; their effectiveness depends on governance congruence between regulatory design and the organizational logic of the institutions they protect. In this article, cooperative deposit protection refers specifically to protection of member-savings claims rather than cooperative equity or ordinary commercial bank deposits.