Global trade and globalization have driven growth and diversification in the horticultural industry. Fresh grapes, a key product, face challenges of market volatility, trade barriers, and logistics. Market diversification is essential for stability and competitiveness in international trade. This research focused on analyzing market diversification in Peru’s fresh grape exports during the 2013–2022 period, exploring its implications for international trade. A quantitative methodology was used, along with the analysis of publicly recorded data on the website of the National Superintendence of Customs and Tax Administration, specifically exports from companies shipping under the national subheading for Grapes (0806.10.00.00). Diversification was analyzed using the Herfindahl–Hirschman concentration index (HHI), and competitiveness through the Balassa index. The main findings were that between 2013 and 2022, Peruvian grape exports grew in value (CAGR of 12.02%) and volume (CAGR of 12.13%). The sector expanded with an average of 151.2 companies and 59.1 destination markets. Diversification varied: the USA (12.4%), the Netherlands (1.6%), Hong Kong (4.2%), and Mexico (63.2%). The Herfindahl–Hirschman index showed concentration in the USA (4533 in 2020, 4519 in 2022) and stability in companies (2318 in 2014, 2450 in 2022). Finally, it is recommended to strengthen the Peruvian viticultural sector by maintaining geographic diversification through policies seeking new markets, monitoring global trends, constantly analyzing market concentration, and promoting fair competition among participating companies, allowing new ones to enter this sector.

The study comprehensively examines the diversification of asparagus exports from Peru, concentrating its analysis on the strategic diversification of markets and companies as pivotal for fostering sustainable growth in the agricultural sector. Utilizing a descriptive and non-experimental quantitative methodology, the research analyzed export data spanning from 2018 to 2023. This analysis was performed using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) (Arbulú Ballesteros et al., 2024), a tool designed to measure market concentration levels (Montes Ninaquispe, Pantaleón Santa María, Arbulú Ballesteros, et al., 2023). The findings reveal a significant ongoing dependence on the American market, highlighting it as the primary export destination. However, there is a noticeable trend towards greater diversification among export destinations and the companies involved in these processes. The study notes a progressive decline in market concentration, which suggests a shift towards a more competitive and diversified export environment. Conclusions drawn from the research underscore the critical need to develop strategies that not only diversify markets but also enhance overall competitiveness within the sector. Recommendations from the study stress the importance of tapping into emerging markets, creating value-added products, adopting advanced technologies, and supporting the inception of new businesses. Additionally, it advocates for the promotion of business development across various regions to mitigate risks and encourage more balanced and sustainable economic growth.

This study explores the diversification of avocado exports from Peru during the period from 2018 to 2022, recognizing Peru’s significant export potential. It analyzes export patterns and market concentration levels. Using a quantitative, non-experimental approach, the analysis was conducted with data sourced from the National Superintendence of Customs and Tax Administration (SUNAT). The study applied the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) to assess the degree of market concentration. The findings reveal an average annual growth in avocado exports of 12.5 percent, alongside a decrease in the average price per kilogram of 5.4 percent. These metrics indicate not only an expansion of the market base through diversification into new markets but also reduced vulnerability to price fluctuations and external demand. The conclusions underscore a significant improvement in the local economy due to diversification, which has subsequently increased Peru’s economic resilience. To foster continued growth in this sector, the implementation of a comprehensive strategy is recommended, encompassing infrastructure, human capital, innovation, and the development of a robust business environment, aligned with the growth of other agricultural products in Peru.

The study analyzed the position and commercial dynamism of Peru's fisheries exports between 2014 and 2023. Statistical data from official sources were used to evaluate indicators such as the number of importing countries, tariff codes, exporting companies, and the weight and FOB value of exports. The number of importing countries ranged from 83 to 105, with an average annual variation of-1.52%. Tariff codes fluctuated between 120 and 144, with an average annual growth of 0.54%. The number of exporting companies varied from 356 to 428, with an average annual variation of-1.59%. Additionally, the FOB value grew at an average annual rate of 5.76%. To assess export concentration, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) was used, measuring the concentration of companies, products, and markets. In terms of weight, the HHI ranged from 1,442 to 2,636 points, reflecting a moderately concentrated sector in most years, with peaks of high concentration in 2014, 2015, and 2019. Regarding FOB value, the HHI fluctuated between 785 and 1,669, showing greater concentration in the earlier years of the period and a trend toward moderation in recent years. It is recommended that the government and companies in the sector adopt strategies to diversify products, improve logistical infrastructure, promote sustainable practices, and develop international markets.

Objetivo: analizar empíricamente la relación entre la madurez en criterios ambientales, sociales y de gobernanza (ESG), reportada bajo estándares SASB para el sector EM-MM, y la rentabilidad financiera, medida a través del ROE, el ROA y el margen EBITDA, en las cuatro principales empresas de la gran minería del cobre en Chile durante el periodo 2021-2025. Metodología: se empleó un enfoque cuantitativo, no experimental, longitudinal y descriptivo-correlacional, basado en estados financieros auditados bajo NIIF y reportes de sostenibilidad SASB. Se calculó la correlación de Pearson entre el score anual de madurez en ESG y los indicadores de rentabilidad, y se estimó una regresión múltiple del ROE en función de la madurez en ESG y el precio del cobre. La robustez se verificó mediante correlaciones de Spearman y Kendall y un análisis leave-one-out. Resultados: se identificaron relaciones positivas relevantes en Escondida (r ≈ 0,92) y Codelco (r ≈ 0,78), cuyos incrementos del ROE fueron de 13,7 y 21,1 puntos porcentuales, respectivamente. Anglo American Sur presentó correlaciones positivas débiles (r ≈ 0,28-0,45). Originalidad/valor: se propone el modelo de inversión sostenible y creación de valor en minería, sustentado en evidencia exploratoria. Implicancias prácticas: los hallazgos orientan a reguladores y gestores hacia la estandarización del reporte SASB, la incorporación de métricas en ESG en la gestión de capital y el uso del ROSI. Implicancias sociales: la evidencia resalta la relevancia de la licencia social para operar y la gestión comunitaria como mecanismos potencialmente asociados con la generación de valor financiero.

This article analyzes the current requirements and needs of the Master of Business Administration (MBA) in the context of the twenty-first century labor market. Drawing on empirical evidence from the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC, 2024, 2025), theWorld Economic Forum (WEF, 2025), and other relevant academic and institutional sources, it examines the technical and transversal competencies that employers demand from MBA graduates, the return on investment (ROI) of the degree, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in business curricula, and emerging trends in sustainability, digital leadership, and specialization. Findings indicate that, while demand for MBA professionals remains robust—with 90% of global recruiters planning to hire MBAs in 2025—the degree faces significant adaptation pressures driven by automation, the proliferation of alternative credentials, and the need for AI fluency. It is concluded that the MBA retains relevance and strategic value when it incorporates digital competencies, systems thinking, and ESG perspectives, but that its pertinence increasingly depends on specialization quality and graduates’ ability to demonstrate concrete outcomes.