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Development of strategies for removing heavy metals from aquatic environments is in high demand. Cadmium is one of the most dangerous metals in the environment, even under extremely low quantities. In this study, kenaf and magnetic biochar composite were prepared for the adsorption of Cd2+. The synthesized biochar was characterized using (a vibrating-sample magnetometer VSM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorption batch study was carried out to investigate the influence of pH, kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamics on Cd2+ adsorption. The characterization results demonstrated that the biochar contained iron particles that help in improving the textural properties (i.e., surface area and pore volume), increasing the number of oxygen-containing groups, and forming inner-sphere complexes with oxygen-containing groups. The adsorption study results show that optimum adsorption was achieved under pH 5–6. An increase in initial ion concentration and solution temperature resulted in increased adsorption capacity. Surface modification of biochar using iron oxide for imposing magnetic property allowed for easy separation by external magnet and regeneration. The magnetic biochar composite also showed a higher affinity to Cd2+ than the pristine biochar. The adsorption data fit well with the pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir isotherm, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 47.90 mg/g.
Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Muhammad Bilad; Zaki Zakaria; Ahmad Jagaba; Aiban Ghaleb; Haetham Mohammed. Pristine and Magnetic Kenaf Fiber Biochar for Cd2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7949 .
AMA StyleAnwar Saeed, Noorfidza Harun, Suriati Sufian, Muhammad Bilad, Zaki Zakaria, Ahmad Jagaba, Aiban Ghaleb, Haetham Mohammed. Pristine and Magnetic Kenaf Fiber Biochar for Cd2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (15):7949.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Muhammad Bilad; Zaki Zakaria; Ahmad Jagaba; Aiban Ghaleb; Haetham Mohammed. 2021. "Pristine and Magnetic Kenaf Fiber Biochar for Cd2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 7949.
The removal of Cd (II) ions by rice husk biochar as adsorbent was evaluated through batch study. Activated biochar was prepared using the physicochemical activation method. Preparation was consisting of pre-impregnation of NaOH and nitrogen (N2) pyrolysis. The Influence of preparation parameters which were chemical impregnation (NaOH: RH), pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis time on biochar yield, cadmium removal rate, and adsorption capacity on cadmium ions was investigated. A quadratic model for correlating biochar preparation variables with biochar production, cadmium removal rate, and adsorption capability was built according to central composite design (CCD). The experimental results revealed that pyrolysis temperature and heating time are important factors that affect the yield of biochar and positively affect Cadmium's removal rate and adsorption capacity. The impregnation ratio positively impacted Cadmium removal and adsorption capacity, and it did not affect biochar yield. The optimal biochar was obtained using 458 ◦C temperature, 120 min reaction time, and 3 NaOH impregnation ratio, resulting in 34.5% of biochar yield, 72% of cadmium removal, and 17.8 mg/g of adsorption capacity on Cadmium.
Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Mohammed Mahmoud Nasef; Amin Al-Fakih; Aiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb; Haruna Kolawole Afolabi. Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by optimized rice husk biochar using response surface methodology. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAnwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Mohammed Mahmoud Nasef, Amin Al-Fakih, Aiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb, Haruna Kolawole Afolabi. Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by optimized rice husk biochar using response surface methodology. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar Ameen Hezam Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Mohammed Mahmoud Nasef; Amin Al-Fakih; Aiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb; Haruna Kolawole Afolabi. 2021. "Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by optimized rice husk biochar using response surface methodology." Ain Shams Engineering Journal , no. : 1.
A rotating biological contactor (RBC) offers a low energy footprint but suffers from performance instability, making it less popular for domestic wastewater treatment. This paper presents a study on an RBC integrated with membrane technology in which membrane filtration was used as a post-treatment step (RBC–ME) to achieve enhanced biological performance. The RBC and RBC–ME systems were operated under different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 12, 18, 24, and 48 h, and the effects of HRT on biological performance and effluent filterability were assessed. The results show that RBC–ME demonstrates superior biological performance than the standalone RBC. The RBC–ME bioreactor achieved 87.9 ± 3.2% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 98.9 ± 1.1% ammonium, 45.2 ± 0.7% total nitrogen (TN), and 97.9 ± 0.1% turbidity removals. A comparison of the HRTs showed that COD and TN removal efficiency was the highest at 48 h, with 92.4 ± 2.4% and 48.6 ± 1.3% removal efficiencies, respectively. The longer HRTs also lead to better RBC effluent filterability. The steady-state permeability increased respectively by 2.4%, 9.5%, and 19.1% at HRTs of 18, 24, and 48 h, compared to 12 h. Our analysis of membrane fouling shows that fouling resistance decreased at higher HRTs. Overall, RBC–ME offered a promising alternative for traditional suspended growth processes with higher microbial activity and enhanced biological performance, which is in line with the requirements of sustainable development and environment-friendly treatment.
Sharjeel Waqas; Muhammad Bilad; Nurul Huda; Noorfidza Harun; Nik Md Nordin; Norazanita Shamsuddin; Yusuf Wibisono; Asim Khan; Jumardi Roslan. Membrane Filtration as Post-Treatment of Rotating Biological Contactor for Wastewater Treatment. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7287 .
AMA StyleSharjeel Waqas, Muhammad Bilad, Nurul Huda, Noorfidza Harun, Nik Md Nordin, Norazanita Shamsuddin, Yusuf Wibisono, Asim Khan, Jumardi Roslan. Membrane Filtration as Post-Treatment of Rotating Biological Contactor for Wastewater Treatment. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7287.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharjeel Waqas; Muhammad Bilad; Nurul Huda; Noorfidza Harun; Nik Md Nordin; Norazanita Shamsuddin; Yusuf Wibisono; Asim Khan; Jumardi Roslan. 2021. "Membrane Filtration as Post-Treatment of Rotating Biological Contactor for Wastewater Treatment." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7287.
Cadmium is one of the most hazardous metals in the environment, even when present at very low concentrations. This study reports the systematic development of Kenaf fiber biochar as an adsorbent for the removal of cadmium (Cd) (II) ions from water. The adsorbent development was aided by an optimization tool. Activated biochar was prepared using the physicochemical activation method, consisting of pre-impregnation with NaOH and nitrogen (N2) pyrolysis. The influence of the preparation parameters—namely, chemical impregnation (NaOH: KF), pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis time on biochar yield, removal rate, and the adsorption capacity of Cd (II) ions—was investigated. From the experimental data, some quadratic correlation models were developed according to the central composite design. All models demonstrated a good fit with the experimental data. The experimental results revealed that the pyrolysis temperature and heating time were the main factors that affected the yield of biochar and had a positive effect on the Cd (II) ions’ removal rate and adsorption capacity. The impregnation ratio also showed a positive effect on the specific surface area of the biochar, removal rate, and adsorption capacity of cadmium, with a negligible effect on the biochar yield. The optimal biochar-based adsorbent was obtained under the following conditions: 550 °C of pyrolysis temperature, 180 min of heating time, and a 1:1 NaOH impregnation ratio. The optimum adsorbent showed 28.60% biochar yield, 69.82% Cd (II) ions removal, 23.48 mg/g of adsorption capacity, and 160.44 m2/g of biochar-specific area.
Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Muhammad Bilad; Baiq Nufida; Noor Ismail; Zaki Zakaria; Ahmad Jagaba; Aiban Ghaleb; Baker Al-Dhawi. Modeling and Optimization of Biochar Based Adsorbent Derived from Kenaf Using Response Surface Methodology on Adsorption of Cd2+. Water 2021, 13, 999 .
AMA StyleAnwar Saeed, Noorfidza Harun, Suriati Sufian, Muhammad Bilad, Baiq Nufida, Noor Ismail, Zaki Zakaria, Ahmad Jagaba, Aiban Ghaleb, Baker Al-Dhawi. Modeling and Optimization of Biochar Based Adsorbent Derived from Kenaf Using Response Surface Methodology on Adsorption of Cd2+. Water. 2021; 13 (7):999.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Muhammad Bilad; Baiq Nufida; Noor Ismail; Zaki Zakaria; Ahmad Jagaba; Aiban Ghaleb; Baker Al-Dhawi. 2021. "Modeling and Optimization of Biochar Based Adsorbent Derived from Kenaf Using Response Surface Methodology on Adsorption of Cd2+." Water 13, no. 7: 999.
An agricultural waste-based source of energy in the form of briquettes from rice husk has emerged as an alternative energy source. However, rice husk-based briquette has a low bulk density and moisture content, resulting in low durability. This study investigated the effect of initial moisture contents of 12%, 14%, and 16% of rice husk-based briquettes blended with 10 wt% of kraft lignin on their chemical and physical characteristics. The briquetting was done using a hand push manual die compressor. The briquette properties were evaluated by performing chemical (ultimate and proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis), physical (density, durability, compressive strength, and surface morphology) analyses. The durability values of all briquette samples were above 95%, meeting the standard with good compressive strength, surface morphology, and acceptable density range. The briquette made from the blend with 14% moisture content showed the highest calorific value of 17.688 MJ kg−1, thanks to its desirable morphology and good porosity range, which facilitates the transport of air for combustion. Overall, this study proved the approach of enhancing the quality of briquettes from rice husk by controlling the moisture content.
Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Muhammad Bilad; Muhammad Afzal; Ashak Parvez; Farah Roslan; Syahirah Abdul Rahim; Vimmal Vinayagam; Haruna Afolabi. Moisture Content Impact on Properties of Briquette Produced from Rice Husk Waste. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3069 .
AMA StyleAnwar Saeed, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Muhammad Bilad, Muhammad Afzal, Ashak Parvez, Farah Roslan, Syahirah Abdul Rahim, Vimmal Vinayagam, Haruna Afolabi. Moisture Content Impact on Properties of Briquette Produced from Rice Husk Waste. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3069.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Muhammad Bilad; Muhammad Afzal; Ashak Parvez; Farah Roslan; Syahirah Abdul Rahim; Vimmal Vinayagam; Haruna Afolabi. 2021. "Moisture Content Impact on Properties of Briquette Produced from Rice Husk Waste." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3069.
Usage of conventional energy sources such as oil, coal, and natural gas as an energy source for development has led to many economic, environmental, social, and political impacts worldwide. Due to this, the world has redirected its policies and investments towards producing clean energy which is based on renewable resources such as biomass. Due to the limitation of biomass which is low-density value, high moisture contents at the production place and non-uniform sizes and shapes, biomass was considered difficult to be utilized efficiently. To overcome this, pellet fuels were used to increase the density of the biomass. Since the enormous quantity of crops is produced from nipa palm, this paper focuses on studying the pelletizing properties of different parts of nipa palm seeds through the determination of the drying behavior, calorific value determination, CHNS determination, and TGA analysis and mechanical strength on the nipa palm seed. Husk was observed to have the highest calorific value which was 3843.5 kcal/kg and mixture nipa palm seed has a calorific value of 4092.7 kcal/kg which is in range with the industrial pellets’ calorific value. Based on the CHNS analysis, carbon content was found to be the highest in the husk as compared to the other parts. It was observed that all parts of the nipa palm seed exhibit almost similar thermogravimetric (TG) curve but slightly different differential thermogravimetric (DTG) curve peaks with different maximum mass-loss rates. Finer size particles were observed to have better pellets’ performance in terms of its strength due to the higher surface area of the particle. Pellets formed from nipa palm seeds could be used to form pellet fuels given the fact that they have high calorific values and almost similar compositions with the industrial pellets.
Noorfidza Yub Harun; Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed; Vegnesh A/l A. Ramachandran. Abundant nipa palm waste as Bio-pellet fuel. Materials Today: Proceedings 2020, 42, 436 -443.
AMA StyleNoorfidza Yub Harun, Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, Vegnesh A/l A. Ramachandran. Abundant nipa palm waste as Bio-pellet fuel. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2020; 42 ():436-443.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoorfidza Yub Harun; Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed; Vegnesh A/l A. Ramachandran. 2020. "Abundant nipa palm waste as Bio-pellet fuel." Materials Today: Proceedings 42, no. : 436-443.
Pollution from dye containing wastewater leads to a variety of environmental problems, which can destroy plant life and eco-systems. This study reports development of a seaweed-based biochar as an adsorbent material for efficient adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye from synthetic wastewater. The Eucheuma cottonii seaweed biochar was developed through pyrolysis using a tube furnace with N2 gas, and the properties were later improved by sulfuric acid treatment. The adsorption studies were conducted in a batch experimental setup under initial methylene blue concentrations of 50 to 200 mg/L, solution pH of 2 to 10, and temperature of 25 to 75 °C. The characterization results show that the developed biochar had a mesoporous pore morphology. The adsorbent possessed the surface area, pore size, and pore volume of 640 m2/g, 2.32 nm, and 0.54 cm3/g, respectively. An adsorption test for 200 mg/L of initial methylene blue at pH 4 showed the best performance. The adsorption data of the seaweed-based biochar followed the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with the corresponding R2 of 0.994 and 0.995. The maximum adsorption capacity of methylene blue using the developed seaweed‑based biochar was 133.33 mg/g. The adsorption followed the chemisorption mechanism, which occurred via the formation of a monolayer of methylene blue dye on the seaweed-based biochar surface. The adsorption performance of the produced seaweed biochar is comparable to that of other commercial adsorbents, suggesting its potential for large-scale applications.
Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Ahmer Siyal; Muhammad Zulfiqar; Muhammad Bilad; Arvind Vagananthan; Amin Al-Fakih; Aiban Ghaleb; Najib Almahbashi. Eucheuma cottonii Seaweed-Based Biochar for Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10318 .
AMA StyleAnwar Saeed, Noorfidza Harun, Suriati Sufian, Ahmer Siyal, Muhammad Zulfiqar, Muhammad Bilad, Arvind Vagananthan, Amin Al-Fakih, Aiban Ghaleb, Najib Almahbashi. Eucheuma cottonii Seaweed-Based Biochar for Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10318.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Ahmer Siyal; Muhammad Zulfiqar; Muhammad Bilad; Arvind Vagananthan; Amin Al-Fakih; Aiban Ghaleb; Najib Almahbashi. 2020. "Eucheuma cottonii Seaweed-Based Biochar for Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10318.
Various types of activated carbon nanofibers’ (ACNFs) composites have been extensively studied and reported recently due to their extraordinary properties and applications. This study reports the fabrication and assessments of ACNFs incorporated with graphene-based materials, known as gACNFs, via simple electrospinning and subsequent physical activation process. TGA analysis proved graphene-derived rice husk ashes (GRHA)/ACNFs possess twice the carbon yield and thermally stable properties compared to other samples. Raman spectra, XRD, and FTIR analyses explained the chemical structures in all resultant gACNFs samples. The SEM and EDX results revealed the average fiber diameters of the gACNFs, ranging from 250 to 400 nm, and the successful incorporation of both GRHA and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) into the ACNFs’ structures. The results revealed that ACNFs incorporated with GRHA possesses the highest specific surface area (SSA), of 384 m2/g, with high micropore volume, of 0.1580 cm3/g, which is up to 88% of the total pore volume. The GRHA/ACNF was found to be a better adsorbent for CH4 compared to pristine ACNFs and reduced graphene oxide (rGO/ACNF) as it showed sorption up to 66.40 mmol/g at 25 °C and 12 bar. The sorption capacity of the GRHA/ACNF was impressively higher than earlier reported studies on ACNFs and ACNF composites. Interestingly, the CH4 adsorption of all ACNF samples obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model at low pressure (4 bar), indicating the chemisorption behaviors. However, it obeyed the pseudo-first order at higher pressures (8 and 12 bar), indicating the physisorption behaviors. These results correspond to the textural properties that describe that the high adsorption capacity of CH4 at high pressure is mainly dependent upon the specific surface area (SSA), pore size distribution, and the suitable range of pore size.
Faten Ermala Che Othman; Norhaniza Yusof; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Juhana Jaafar; Farhana Aziz; Wan Norharyati Wan Salleh; Ahmad Fauzi Ismail. Novel Activated Carbon Nanofibers Composited with Cost-Effective Graphene-Based Materials for Enhanced Adsorption Performance toward Methane. Polymers 2020, 12, 2064 .
AMA StyleFaten Ermala Che Othman, Norhaniza Yusof, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Juhana Jaafar, Farhana Aziz, Wan Norharyati Wan Salleh, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail. Novel Activated Carbon Nanofibers Composited with Cost-Effective Graphene-Based Materials for Enhanced Adsorption Performance toward Methane. Polymers. 2020; 12 (9):2064.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaten Ermala Che Othman; Norhaniza Yusof; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Juhana Jaafar; Farhana Aziz; Wan Norharyati Wan Salleh; Ahmad Fauzi Ismail. 2020. "Novel Activated Carbon Nanofibers Composited with Cost-Effective Graphene-Based Materials for Enhanced Adsorption Performance toward Methane." Polymers 12, no. 9: 2064.
Polydopamine has been widely used as an additive to enhance membrane fouling resistance. This study reports the effects of two-step dopamine-to-polydopamine modification on the permeation, antifouling, and potential anti-UV properties of polyethersulfone (PES)-based ultrafiltration membranes. The modification was performed through a two-step mechanism: adding the dopamine additive followed by immersion into Tris-HCl solution to allow polymerization of dopamine into polydopamine (PDA). The results reveal that the step of treatment, the concentration of dopamine in the first step, and the duration of dipping in the Tris solution in the second step affect the properties of the resulting membranes. Higher dopamine loadings improve the pure water flux (PWF) by more than threefold (15 vs. 50 L/m2·h). The extended dipping period in the Tris alkaline buffer leads to an overgrowth of the PDA layer that partly covers the surface pores which lowers the PWF. The presence of dopamine or polydopamine enhances the hydrophilicity due to the enrichment of hydrophilic catechol moieties which leads to better anti-fouling. Moreover, the polydopamine film also improves the membrane resistance to UV irradiation by minimizing photodegradation’s occurrence.
Sri Mulyati; Syawaliah Muchtar; Nasrul Arahman; Yanna Syamsuddin; Normi Izati Mat Nawi; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Yuliar Firdaus; Ryosuke Takagi; Hideto Matsuyama. Two-Step Dopamine-to-Polydopamine Modification of Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membrane for Enhancing Anti-Fouling and Ultraviolet Resistant Properties. Polymers 2020, 12, 2051 .
AMA StyleSri Mulyati, Syawaliah Muchtar, Nasrul Arahman, Yanna Syamsuddin, Normi Izati Mat Nawi, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Yuliar Firdaus, Ryosuke Takagi, Hideto Matsuyama. Two-Step Dopamine-to-Polydopamine Modification of Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membrane for Enhancing Anti-Fouling and Ultraviolet Resistant Properties. Polymers. 2020; 12 (9):2051.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSri Mulyati; Syawaliah Muchtar; Nasrul Arahman; Yanna Syamsuddin; Normi Izati Mat Nawi; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Yuliar Firdaus; Ryosuke Takagi; Hideto Matsuyama. 2020. "Two-Step Dopamine-to-Polydopamine Modification of Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membrane for Enhancing Anti-Fouling and Ultraviolet Resistant Properties." Polymers 12, no. 9: 2051.
The Malaysia's wastewater treatment plant has yet to find an environmentally alternative for the sludge treatment before disposal. In majority of cases, the sludge containing a high amount of heavy metals including Fe, Ti, Mn, Zn, As, Cu, Ni, Zr, and Ga, is disposed to the environment through...
Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Neisha Zulfani. Heavy Metals Capture from Water Sludge by Kenaf Fibre Activated Carbon in Batch Adsorption. Journal of Ecological Engineering 2020, 21, 102 -115.
AMA StyleAnwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Neisha Zulfani. Heavy Metals Capture from Water Sludge by Kenaf Fibre Activated Carbon in Batch Adsorption. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2020; 21 (6):102-115.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar Ameen Hezam Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Neisha Zulfani. 2020. "Heavy Metals Capture from Water Sludge by Kenaf Fibre Activated Carbon in Batch Adsorption." Journal of Ecological Engineering 21, no. 6: 102-115.
The bottleneck of conventional polymeric membranes applied in industry has a tradeoff between permeability and selectivity that deters its widespread expansion. This can be circumvented through a hybrid membrane that utilizes the advantages of inorganic and polymer materials to improve the gas separation performance. The approach can be further enhanced through the incorporation of amine-impregnated fillers that has the potential to minimize defects while simultaneously enhancing gas affinity. An innovative combination between impregnated Linde T with different numbers of amine-functional groups (i.e., monoamine, diamine, and triamine) and 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA)-derived polyimide has been elucidated to explore its potential in CO2/CH4 separation. Detailed physical properties (i.e., free volume and glass transition temperature) and gas transport behavior (i.e., solubility, permeability, and diffusivity) of the fabricated membranes have been examined to unveil the effect of different numbers of amine-functional groups in Linde T fillers. It was found that a hybrid membrane impregnated with Linde T using a diamine functional group demonstrated the highest improvement compared to a pristine polyimide with 3.75- and 1.75-fold enhancements in CO2/CH4 selectivities and CO2 permeability, respectively, which successfully lies on the 2008 Robeson's upper bound. The novel coupling of diamine-impregnated Linde T and 6FDA-derived polyimide is a promising candidate for application in large-scale CO2 removal processes.
Norwahyu Jusoh; Yin Fong Yeong; Serene Sow Mun Lock; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff. Effect of a Different Number of Amine-Functional Groups on the Gas Sorption and Permeation Behavior of a Hybrid Membrane Comprising of Impregnated Linde T and 4,4'- (Hexafluoroisopropylidene) Diphthalic Anhydride-Derived Polyimide. Polymers 2019, 11, 1807 .
AMA StyleNorwahyu Jusoh, Yin Fong Yeong, Serene Sow Mun Lock, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff. Effect of a Different Number of Amine-Functional Groups on the Gas Sorption and Permeation Behavior of a Hybrid Membrane Comprising of Impregnated Linde T and 4,4'- (Hexafluoroisopropylidene) Diphthalic Anhydride-Derived Polyimide. Polymers. 2019; 11 (11):1807.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNorwahyu Jusoh; Yin Fong Yeong; Serene Sow Mun Lock; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff. 2019. "Effect of a Different Number of Amine-Functional Groups on the Gas Sorption and Permeation Behavior of a Hybrid Membrane Comprising of Impregnated Linde T and 4,4'- (Hexafluoroisopropylidene) Diphthalic Anhydride-Derived Polyimide." Polymers 11, no. 11: 1807.
Resolution of industrial waste as thermal source is an effective way to transform the unwanted scheduled waste into renewable energy. Plant residues also contributed to enhance its utilization and considered a reliable resource for energy uses. Both sectors of feedstock are aimed to produce significant amount of thermal energy through combustion. Ash deposition behaviors of biomass fuel from industrial sludge and agricultural waste have been analyzed. Sludge and effluent were carefully taken from petroleum crude processing plant (PGB) and palm oil mill (POME), respectively. Rice husk and kenaf were obtained from local neighborhoods farm. The effective utilization of potential biofuel is evaluated based on its ash content, chemical composition and its ash slagging and fouling tendency. PGB and POME were evaluated to have energy content about 21.35 MJ/kg and 15.238 MJ/kg respectively. While kenaf and rice husk each has 16.14 MJ/kg and 15.19 MJ/kg, respectively. Ash content of PGB sludge was around 30.0% where POME sludge was about 38.0%. Kenaf showed a better biomass type as the ash content was only 2% ash, whereas rice husk ash content was 11%. To illustrate the realistic combustion condition under different temperature, the effect of ashing temperatures that are 525°C, 575°C and 625°C to the ash deposition characteristics is also examined. This variation of ashing temperature will also deflect the chemical composition especially the heavy metal element in the sludge ash. Furthermore, the physical ash deposition and deformation characteristics are observed by ash fusion test. Conclusively, PGB, POME, rice husk and kenaf biomass are feasible to produce sufficient thermal energy as well as stable at high temperature with their distinct chemical composition, but their individual range ashing temperature may deficient the thermal process differently.
Noorfidza Yub Harun; Tang Jin Han; Tharunan Vijayakumar; Anwar Saeed; Mt Afzal. Ash Deposition Characteristics of Industrial Biomass Waste and Agricultural Residues. Materials Today: Proceedings 2019, 19, 1712 -1721.
AMA StyleNoorfidza Yub Harun, Tang Jin Han, Tharunan Vijayakumar, Anwar Saeed, Mt Afzal. Ash Deposition Characteristics of Industrial Biomass Waste and Agricultural Residues. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2019; 19 ():1712-1721.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoorfidza Yub Harun; Tang Jin Han; Tharunan Vijayakumar; Anwar Saeed; Mt Afzal. 2019. "Ash Deposition Characteristics of Industrial Biomass Waste and Agricultural Residues." Materials Today: Proceedings 19, no. : 1712-1721.
Unprocessed biomass has low energy density and high transportation cost. The energy generated through biomass can be enhanced by the pelletizing technique. In order to evaluate the energy requirement for the pelletizing of agricultural biomass, three different particle sizes (150–300, 300–425, and 425–600 µm) of reed canary grass (RCG), timothy hay (TH), and switchgrass (SW) were selected in the present work. Furthermore, two woody biomasses (spruce and pine) were also considered under similar experimental conditions for comparison purposes. An Instron machine attached to an in-house built pelletizer unit was employed to produce a single pellet. The energy demand for compacting ground biomass (spruce) with a particle size of 150 µm was lower (2.07 kJ) than those required for particle sizes of 300 µm (2.24 kJ) and 425 µm (2.43 kJ). The energy required for compacting ground reed canary grass, timothy hay, and switchgrass was lower (1.61, 1.97, and 1.68 kJ, respectively) than that required for spruce (2.36 kJ) and pine (2.35 kJ), evaluated at a 159-MPa load and at temperature of about 80 °C. The energy demand for blended biomass was around 2 kJ with the pellet quality approaching that of the pellets made from woody biomass. Overall, blending helped to improve the quality of pellets and lower the compaction energy requirements.
Noorfidza Yub Harun; Ashak Mahmud Parvez; Muhammad T. Afzal. Process and Energy Analysis of Pelleting Agricultural and Woody Biomass Blends. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1770 .
AMA StyleNoorfidza Yub Harun, Ashak Mahmud Parvez, Muhammad T. Afzal. Process and Energy Analysis of Pelleting Agricultural and Woody Biomass Blends. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1770.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoorfidza Yub Harun; Ashak Mahmud Parvez; Muhammad T. Afzal. 2018. "Process and Energy Analysis of Pelleting Agricultural and Woody Biomass Blends." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1770.
Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted interest among researchers due to their tunable properties, which enable them to be used in a wide variety of applications. However, toxicity and biodegradation studies of ILs proved that most of the aromatic ILs, such as imidazolium, are highly toxic and non-biodegradable. Researchers have investigated several advance oxidation processes (AOPs) in order to evaluate the efficiency of the systems used to remove ILs from wastewater. However, their relatively high cost and environmental concerns have limited the application of these AOPs in industry. This research conducted a photocatalytic study using hybrid nanomaterials to evaluate the efficiency of this system as an alternative AOP system for the removal of ILs from wastewater. The synergistic effect of adsorption–photodegradation was introduced by depositing Fe-TiO2 onto functionalized activated carbon (AC). Nano-TiO2 was synthesized using the microemulsion method, then modified with a transition metal, and deposited onto oxidized AC. The photodegradation reaction of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [bmim]Cl was then investigated under simulated visible light irradiation. It was observed that the overall efficiency of the system increased with the increasing amount of Fe loading. Our investigation revealed that extrinsic factors such as solution pH, the initial concentration of ILs, and photocatalyst dosage significantly affect the overall efficiency of the system. The optimum condition for the system was observed at pH 10, with initial ILs at 1 mM at 1 g/L of photocatalyst. The best performance photocatalyst was 0.2Fe-TiO2/AC.
Azhar Zawawi; Raihan Mahirah Ramli; Noorfidza Yub Harun. Photodegradation of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride [Bmim]Cl via Synergistic Effect of Adsorption–Photodegradation of Fe-TiO2/AC. Technologies 2017, 5, 82 .
AMA StyleAzhar Zawawi, Raihan Mahirah Ramli, Noorfidza Yub Harun. Photodegradation of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride [Bmim]Cl via Synergistic Effect of Adsorption–Photodegradation of Fe-TiO2/AC. Technologies. 2017; 5 (4):82.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzhar Zawawi; Raihan Mahirah Ramli; Noorfidza Yub Harun. 2017. "Photodegradation of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride [Bmim]Cl via Synergistic Effect of Adsorption–Photodegradation of Fe-TiO2/AC." Technologies 5, no. 4: 82.