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Mr. Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia

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0 Adsorption
0 Biochar
0 Chemical Engineering
0 Environmental Engineering
0 Nanocomposite materials

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Biochar
Environmental Engineering

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Review
Published: 09 August 2021 in Materials
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Several agro-waste materials have been utilized for sustainable engineering and environmental application over the past decades, showing different degrees of effectiveness. However, information concerning the wider use of palm oil clinker (POC) and its performance is still lacking. Therefore, as a solid waste byproduct produced in one of the oil palm processing stages, generating a huge quantity of waste mostly dumped into the landfill, the waste-to-resource potential of POC should be thoroughly discussed in a review. Thus, this paper provides a systematic review of the current research articles on the several advances made from 2005 to 2021 regarding palm oil clinker physical properties and performances, with a particular emphasis on their commitments to cost savings during environmental and engineering applications. The review begins by identifying the potential of POC application in conventional and geopolymer structural elements such as beams, slabs, and columns made of concrete, mortar, or paste for coarse aggregates, sand, and cement replacement. Aspects such as performance of POC in wastewater treatment processes, fine aggregate and cement replacement in asphaltic and bituminous mixtures during highway construction, a bio-filler in coatings for steel manufacturing processes, and a catalyst during energy generation are also discussed. This review further describes the effectiveness of POC in soil stabilization and the effect of POC pretreatment for performance enhancement. The present review can inspire researchers to find research gaps that will aid the sustainable use of agroindustry wastes. The fundamental knowledge contained in this review can also serve as a wake-up call for researchers that will motivate them to explore the high potential of utilizing POC for greater environmental benefits associated with less cost when compared with conventional materials.

ACS Style

Ahmad Jagaba; Shamsul Kutty; Gasim Hayder; Lavania Baloo; Azmatullah Noor; Nura Yaro; Anwar Saeed; Ibrahim Lawal; Abdullahi Birniwa; Abdullahi Usman. A Systematic Literature Review on Waste-to-Resource Potential of Palm Oil Clinker for Sustainable Engineering and Environmental Applications. Materials 2021, 14, 4456 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Jagaba, Shamsul Kutty, Gasim Hayder, Lavania Baloo, Azmatullah Noor, Nura Yaro, Anwar Saeed, Ibrahim Lawal, Abdullahi Birniwa, Abdullahi Usman. A Systematic Literature Review on Waste-to-Resource Potential of Palm Oil Clinker for Sustainable Engineering and Environmental Applications. Materials. 2021; 14 (16):4456.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Jagaba; Shamsul Kutty; Gasim Hayder; Lavania Baloo; Azmatullah Noor; Nura Yaro; Anwar Saeed; Ibrahim Lawal; Abdullahi Birniwa; Abdullahi Usman. 2021. "A Systematic Literature Review on Waste-to-Resource Potential of Palm Oil Clinker for Sustainable Engineering and Environmental Applications." Materials 14, no. 16: 4456.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Development of strategies for removing heavy metals from aquatic environments is in high demand. Cadmium is one of the most dangerous metals in the environment, even under extremely low quantities. In this study, kenaf and magnetic biochar composite were prepared for the adsorption of Cd2+. The synthesized biochar was characterized using (a vibrating-sample magnetometer VSM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorption batch study was carried out to investigate the influence of pH, kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamics on Cd2+ adsorption. The characterization results demonstrated that the biochar contained iron particles that help in improving the textural properties (i.e., surface area and pore volume), increasing the number of oxygen-containing groups, and forming inner-sphere complexes with oxygen-containing groups. The adsorption study results show that optimum adsorption was achieved under pH 5–6. An increase in initial ion concentration and solution temperature resulted in increased adsorption capacity. Surface modification of biochar using iron oxide for imposing magnetic property allowed for easy separation by external magnet and regeneration. The magnetic biochar composite also showed a higher affinity to Cd2+ than the pristine biochar. The adsorption data fit well with the pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir isotherm, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 47.90 mg/g.

ACS Style

Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Muhammad Bilad; Zaki Zakaria; Ahmad Jagaba; Aiban Ghaleb; Haetham Mohammed. Pristine and Magnetic Kenaf Fiber Biochar for Cd2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7949 .

AMA Style

Anwar Saeed, Noorfidza Harun, Suriati Sufian, Muhammad Bilad, Zaki Zakaria, Ahmad Jagaba, Aiban Ghaleb, Haetham Mohammed. Pristine and Magnetic Kenaf Fiber Biochar for Cd2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (15):7949.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Muhammad Bilad; Zaki Zakaria; Ahmad Jagaba; Aiban Ghaleb; Haetham Mohammed. 2021. "Pristine and Magnetic Kenaf Fiber Biochar for Cd2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 7949.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2021 in Ain Shams Engineering Journal
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The removal of Cd (II) ions by rice husk biochar as adsorbent was evaluated through batch study. Activated biochar was prepared using the physicochemical activation method. Preparation was consisting of pre-impregnation of NaOH and nitrogen (N2) pyrolysis. The Influence of preparation parameters which were chemical impregnation (NaOH: RH), pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis time on biochar yield, cadmium removal rate, and adsorption capacity on cadmium ions was investigated. A quadratic model for correlating biochar preparation variables with biochar production, cadmium removal rate, and adsorption capability was built according to central composite design (CCD). The experimental results revealed that pyrolysis temperature and heating time are important factors that affect the yield of biochar and positively affect Cadmium's removal rate and adsorption capacity. The impregnation ratio positively impacted Cadmium removal and adsorption capacity, and it did not affect biochar yield. The optimal biochar was obtained using 458 ◦C temperature, 120 min reaction time, and 3 NaOH impregnation ratio, resulting in 34.5% of biochar yield, 72% of cadmium removal, and 17.8 mg/g of adsorption capacity on Cadmium.

ACS Style

Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Mohammed Mahmoud Nasef; Amin Al-Fakih; Aiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb; Haruna Kolawole Afolabi. Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by optimized rice husk biochar using response surface methodology. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Mohammed Mahmoud Nasef, Amin Al-Fakih, Aiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb, Haruna Kolawole Afolabi. Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by optimized rice husk biochar using response surface methodology. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Mohammed Mahmoud Nasef; Amin Al-Fakih; Aiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb; Haruna Kolawole Afolabi. 2021. "Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by optimized rice husk biochar using response surface methodology." Ain Shams Engineering Journal , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 23 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Driving fatigue is a serious issue for the transportation sector, decreasing the driver’s performance and increasing accident risk. This study aims to investigate how fatigue mediates the relationship between the nature of work factors and driving performance. The approach included a review of the previous studies to select the dimensional items for the data collection instrument. A pilot test to identify potential modification to the questionnaire was conducted, then structural equation modelling (SEM) was performed on a stratified sample of 307 drivers, to test the suggested hypotheses. Based on the results, five hypotheses have indirect relationships, four of which have a significant effect. Besides, the results show that driving fatigue partially mediates the relationship between the work schedule and driving performance and fully mediates in the relationship between work activities and driving performance. The nature of work and human factors is the most common reason related to road accidents. Therefore, the emphasis on driving performance and fatigue factors would thereby lead to preventing fatal crashes and life loss.

ACS Style

Al-Baraa Al-Mekhlafi; Ahmad Isha; Nicholas Chileshe; Mohammed Abdulrab; Anwar Saeed; Ahmed Kineber. Modelling the Relationship between the Nature of Work Factors and Driving Performance Mediating by Role of Fatigue. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6752 .

AMA Style

Al-Baraa Al-Mekhlafi, Ahmad Isha, Nicholas Chileshe, Mohammed Abdulrab, Anwar Saeed, Ahmed Kineber. Modelling the Relationship between the Nature of Work Factors and Driving Performance Mediating by Role of Fatigue. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (13):6752.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Al-Baraa Al-Mekhlafi; Ahmad Isha; Nicholas Chileshe; Mohammed Abdulrab; Anwar Saeed; Ahmed Kineber. 2021. "Modelling the Relationship between the Nature of Work Factors and Driving Performance Mediating by Role of Fatigue." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6752.

Journal article
Published: 18 May 2021 in Materials
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This paper introduces a new spark plasma sintering technique that is able to order crystalline anisotropy by in-series/in situ DC electric coupled magnetic field. The process control parameters have been investigated on the production of anisotropic BaFe12O19 magnets based on resulted remanence (Mr). Sintering holding time (H.T.), cooling rate (C.R.), pressure (P), and sintering temperature (S.T.) are optimized by Taguchi with L9 orthogonal array (OA). The remanent magnetization of nanocrystalline BaFe12O19 in parallel (Mrǁ) and perpendicular (Mr) to the applied magnetic field was regarded as a measure of performance. The Taguchi study calculated optimum process parameters, which significantly improved the sintering process based on the confirmation tests of BaFe12O19 anisotropy. The magnetic properties in terms of Mrǁ and Mr were greatly affected by sintering temperature and pressure according to ANOVA results. In addition, regression models were developed for predicting the Mrǁ as well as Mr respectively.

ACS Style

Haetham Mohammed; Thar Albarody; Susilawati Susilawati; Soheil Gohari; Aris Doyan; Saiful Prayogi; Muhammad Bilad; Reza Alebrahim; Anwar Saeed. Process Optimization of In Situ Magnetic-Anisotropy Spark Plasma Sintering of M-Type-Based Barium Hexaferrite BaFe12O19. Materials 2021, 14, 2650 .

AMA Style

Haetham Mohammed, Thar Albarody, Susilawati Susilawati, Soheil Gohari, Aris Doyan, Saiful Prayogi, Muhammad Bilad, Reza Alebrahim, Anwar Saeed. Process Optimization of In Situ Magnetic-Anisotropy Spark Plasma Sintering of M-Type-Based Barium Hexaferrite BaFe12O19. Materials. 2021; 14 (10):2650.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haetham Mohammed; Thar Albarody; Susilawati Susilawati; Soheil Gohari; Aris Doyan; Saiful Prayogi; Muhammad Bilad; Reza Alebrahim; Anwar Saeed. 2021. "Process Optimization of In Situ Magnetic-Anisotropy Spark Plasma Sintering of M-Type-Based Barium Hexaferrite BaFe12O19." Materials 14, no. 10: 2650.

Journal article
Published: 05 April 2021 in Water
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Cadmium is one of the most hazardous metals in the environment, even when present at very low concentrations. This study reports the systematic development of Kenaf fiber biochar as an adsorbent for the removal of cadmium (Cd) (II) ions from water. The adsorbent development was aided by an optimization tool. Activated biochar was prepared using the physicochemical activation method, consisting of pre-impregnation with NaOH and nitrogen (N2) pyrolysis. The influence of the preparation parameters—namely, chemical impregnation (NaOH: KF), pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis time on biochar yield, removal rate, and the adsorption capacity of Cd (II) ions—was investigated. From the experimental data, some quadratic correlation models were developed according to the central composite design. All models demonstrated a good fit with the experimental data. The experimental results revealed that the pyrolysis temperature and heating time were the main factors that affected the yield of biochar and had a positive effect on the Cd (II) ions’ removal rate and adsorption capacity. The impregnation ratio also showed a positive effect on the specific surface area of the biochar, removal rate, and adsorption capacity of cadmium, with a negligible effect on the biochar yield. The optimal biochar-based adsorbent was obtained under the following conditions: 550 °C of pyrolysis temperature, 180 min of heating time, and a 1:1 NaOH impregnation ratio. The optimum adsorbent showed 28.60% biochar yield, 69.82% Cd (II) ions removal, 23.48 mg/g of adsorption capacity, and 160.44 m2/g of biochar-specific area.

ACS Style

Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Muhammad Bilad; Baiq Nufida; Noor Ismail; Zaki Zakaria; Ahmad Jagaba; Aiban Ghaleb; Baker Al-Dhawi. Modeling and Optimization of Biochar Based Adsorbent Derived from Kenaf Using Response Surface Methodology on Adsorption of Cd2+. Water 2021, 13, 999 .

AMA Style

Anwar Saeed, Noorfidza Harun, Suriati Sufian, Muhammad Bilad, Baiq Nufida, Noor Ismail, Zaki Zakaria, Ahmad Jagaba, Aiban Ghaleb, Baker Al-Dhawi. Modeling and Optimization of Biochar Based Adsorbent Derived from Kenaf Using Response Surface Methodology on Adsorption of Cd2+. Water. 2021; 13 (7):999.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Muhammad Bilad; Baiq Nufida; Noor Ismail; Zaki Zakaria; Ahmad Jagaba; Aiban Ghaleb; Baker Al-Dhawi. 2021. "Modeling and Optimization of Biochar Based Adsorbent Derived from Kenaf Using Response Surface Methodology on Adsorption of Cd2+." Water 13, no. 7: 999.

Journal article
Published: 11 March 2021 in Sustainability
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An agricultural waste-based source of energy in the form of briquettes from rice husk has emerged as an alternative energy source. However, rice husk-based briquette has a low bulk density and moisture content, resulting in low durability. This study investigated the effect of initial moisture contents of 12%, 14%, and 16% of rice husk-based briquettes blended with 10 wt% of kraft lignin on their chemical and physical characteristics. The briquetting was done using a hand push manual die compressor. The briquette properties were evaluated by performing chemical (ultimate and proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis), physical (density, durability, compressive strength, and surface morphology) analyses. The durability values of all briquette samples were above 95%, meeting the standard with good compressive strength, surface morphology, and acceptable density range. The briquette made from the blend with 14% moisture content showed the highest calorific value of 17.688 MJ kg−1, thanks to its desirable morphology and good porosity range, which facilitates the transport of air for combustion. Overall, this study proved the approach of enhancing the quality of briquettes from rice husk by controlling the moisture content.

ACS Style

Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Muhammad Bilad; Muhammad Afzal; Ashak Parvez; Farah Roslan; Syahirah Abdul Rahim; Vimmal Vinayagam; Haruna Afolabi. Moisture Content Impact on Properties of Briquette Produced from Rice Husk Waste. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3069 .

AMA Style

Anwar Saeed, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Muhammad Bilad, Muhammad Afzal, Ashak Parvez, Farah Roslan, Syahirah Abdul Rahim, Vimmal Vinayagam, Haruna Afolabi. Moisture Content Impact on Properties of Briquette Produced from Rice Husk Waste. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3069.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Muhammad Bilad; Muhammad Afzal; Ashak Parvez; Farah Roslan; Syahirah Abdul Rahim; Vimmal Vinayagam; Haruna Afolabi. 2021. "Moisture Content Impact on Properties of Briquette Produced from Rice Husk Waste." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3069.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2021 in Water
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Man-made organic waste leads to the rapid proliferation of pollution around the globe. Effective bio-waste management can help to reduce the adverse effects of organic waste while contributing to the circular economy at the same time. The toxic oily-biological sludge generated from oil refineries’ wastewater treatment plants is a potential source for biogas energy recovery via anaerobic digestion. However, the oily-biological sludge’s carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio is lower than the ideal 20–30 ratio required by anaerobic digestion technology for biogas production. Sugarcane bagasse can be digested as a high C/N co-substrate while the oily-biological sludge acts as a substrate and inoculum to improve biogas production. In this study, the best C/N with co-substrate volatile solids (VS)/inoculum VS ratios for the co-digestion process of mixtures were determined empirically through batch experiments at temperatures of 35–37 °C, pH (6–8) and 60 rpm mixing. The raw materials were pre-treated mechanically and thermo-chemically to further enhance the digestibility. The best condition for the sugarcane bagasse delignification process was 1% (w/v) sodium hydroxide, 1:10 solid-liquid ratio, at 100 °C, and 150 rpm for 1 h. The results from a 33-day batch anaerobic digestion experiment indicate that the production of biogas and methane yield were concurrent with the increasing C/N and co-substrate VS/inoculum VS ratios. The total biogas yields from C/N 20.0 with co-substrate VS/inoculum VS 0.06 and C/N 30.0 with co-substrate VS/inoculum VS 0.18 ratios were 2777.0 and 9268.0 mL, respectively, including a methane yield of 980.0 and 3009.3 mL, respectively. The biogas and methane yield from C/N 30.0 were higher than the biogas and methane yields from C/N 20.0 by 70.04 and 67.44%, respectively. The highest biogas and methane yields corresponded with the highest C/N with co-substrate VS/inoculum VS ratios (30.0 and 0.18), being 200.6 mL/g VSremoved and 65.1 mL CH4/g VSremoved, respectively.

ACS Style

Aiban Ghaleb; Shamsul Kutty; Gasim Salih; Ahmad Jagaba; Azmatullah Noor; Vicky Kumar; Najib Almahbashi; Anwar Saeed; Baker Saleh Al-Dhawi. Sugarcane Bagasse as a Co-Substrate with Oil-Refinery Biological Sludge for Biogas Production Using Batch Mesophilic Anaerobic Co-Digestion Technology: Effect of Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio. Water 2021, 13, 590 .

AMA Style

Aiban Ghaleb, Shamsul Kutty, Gasim Salih, Ahmad Jagaba, Azmatullah Noor, Vicky Kumar, Najib Almahbashi, Anwar Saeed, Baker Saleh Al-Dhawi. Sugarcane Bagasse as a Co-Substrate with Oil-Refinery Biological Sludge for Biogas Production Using Batch Mesophilic Anaerobic Co-Digestion Technology: Effect of Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio. Water. 2021; 13 (5):590.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aiban Ghaleb; Shamsul Kutty; Gasim Salih; Ahmad Jagaba; Azmatullah Noor; Vicky Kumar; Najib Almahbashi; Anwar Saeed; Baker Saleh Al-Dhawi. 2021. "Sugarcane Bagasse as a Co-Substrate with Oil-Refinery Biological Sludge for Biogas Production Using Batch Mesophilic Anaerobic Co-Digestion Technology: Effect of Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio." Water 13, no. 5: 590.

Journal article
Published: 05 January 2021 in Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology
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ACS Style

Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Suriati Sufian; Haruna Kolawole Afolabi; Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami; Farah Amelia Shahirah Roslan; Syahirah Abdul Rahim; A. S. Ghaleb. Production and Characterization of Rice Husk Biochar and Kenaf Biochar for Value-Added Biochar Replacement for Potential Materials Adsorption. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 2021, 22, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Suriati Sufian, Haruna Kolawole Afolabi, Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Farah Amelia Shahirah Roslan, Syahirah Abdul Rahim, A. S. Ghaleb. Production and Characterization of Rice Husk Biochar and Kenaf Biochar for Value-Added Biochar Replacement for Potential Materials Adsorption. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology. 2021; 22 (1):1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Suriati Sufian; Haruna Kolawole Afolabi; Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami; Farah Amelia Shahirah Roslan; Syahirah Abdul Rahim; A. S. Ghaleb. 2021. "Production and Characterization of Rice Husk Biochar and Kenaf Biochar for Value-Added Biochar Replacement for Potential Materials Adsorption." Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 22, no. 1: 1-8.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2021 in Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
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Rice husk, whether in the form of raw materials ash or char is one of the best potential materials for the production of a variety of value-added products. This study intends to optimize biochar from Malaysian rice husk, as a friendly low-cost adsorbent for removing cadmium from aqueous solution. Biochar production has been done using a tube furnace with different input parameters which are heating temperature, residence time, and impregnation ratio. The effect of pyrolysis process parameters was examined by using response surface methodology (RSM). Responses parameters, biochar yield, and removal efficiency were investigated. Depend on the Central Composite Design (CCD), three 2FI models were developed to compare three independent response variables. The optimum production condition for magnetic biochar was found as follows: a heating temperature of 395 °C, the residence time 120 min, and 0.5 g/g impregnation ratio. The optimum magnetic biochar showed 44.5% of biochar yield and 94.25% removal efficiency which was in agreement with the predicted values.

ACS Style

Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef; Haruna Kolawole Afolabi; Aiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb. Removal of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution by Optimized Magnetic Biochar Using Response Surface Methodology. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 2021, 119 -126.

AMA Style

Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef, Haruna Kolawole Afolabi, Aiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb. Removal of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution by Optimized Magnetic Biochar Using Response Surface Methodology. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. 2021; ():119-126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef; Haruna Kolawole Afolabi; Aiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb. 2021. "Removal of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution by Optimized Magnetic Biochar Using Response Surface Methodology." Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering , no. : 119-126.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2020 in Sustainability
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Pollution from dye containing wastewater leads to a variety of environmental problems, which can destroy plant life and eco-systems. This study reports development of a seaweed-based biochar as an adsorbent material for efficient adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye from synthetic wastewater. The Eucheuma cottonii seaweed biochar was developed through pyrolysis using a tube furnace with N2 gas, and the properties were later improved by sulfuric acid treatment. The adsorption studies were conducted in a batch experimental setup under initial methylene blue concentrations of 50 to 200 mg/L, solution pH of 2 to 10, and temperature of 25 to 75 °C. The characterization results show that the developed biochar had a mesoporous pore morphology. The adsorbent possessed the surface area, pore size, and pore volume of 640 m2/g, 2.32 nm, and 0.54 cm3/g, respectively. An adsorption test for 200 mg/L of initial methylene blue at pH 4 showed the best performance. The adsorption data of the seaweed-based biochar followed the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with the corresponding R2 of 0.994 and 0.995. The maximum adsorption capacity of methylene blue using the developed seaweed‑based biochar was 133.33 mg/g. The adsorption followed the chemisorption mechanism, which occurred via the formation of a monolayer of methylene blue dye on the seaweed-based biochar surface. The adsorption performance of the produced seaweed biochar is comparable to that of other commercial adsorbents, suggesting its potential for large-scale applications.

ACS Style

Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Ahmer Siyal; Muhammad Zulfiqar; Muhammad Bilad; Arvind Vagananthan; Amin Al-Fakih; Aiban Ghaleb; Najib Almahbashi. Eucheuma cottonii Seaweed-Based Biochar for Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10318 .

AMA Style

Anwar Saeed, Noorfidza Harun, Suriati Sufian, Ahmer Siyal, Muhammad Zulfiqar, Muhammad Bilad, Arvind Vagananthan, Amin Al-Fakih, Aiban Ghaleb, Najib Almahbashi. Eucheuma cottonii Seaweed-Based Biochar for Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10318.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Ahmer Siyal; Muhammad Zulfiqar; Muhammad Bilad; Arvind Vagananthan; Amin Al-Fakih; Aiban Ghaleb; Najib Almahbashi. 2020. "Eucheuma cottonii Seaweed-Based Biochar for Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10318.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Journal of Ecological Engineering
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The Malaysia's wastewater treatment plant has yet to find an environmentally alternative for the sludge treatment before disposal. In majority of cases, the sludge containing a high amount of heavy metals including Fe, Ti, Mn, Zn, As, Cu, Ni, Zr, and Ga, is disposed to the environment through...

ACS Style

Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Neisha Zulfani. Heavy Metals Capture from Water Sludge by Kenaf Fibre Activated Carbon in Batch Adsorption. Journal of Ecological Engineering 2020, 21, 102 -115.

AMA Style

Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Neisha Zulfani. Heavy Metals Capture from Water Sludge by Kenaf Fibre Activated Carbon in Batch Adsorption. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2020; 21 (6):102-115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Neisha Zulfani. 2020. "Heavy Metals Capture from Water Sludge by Kenaf Fibre Activated Carbon in Batch Adsorption." Journal of Ecological Engineering 21, no. 6: 102-115.