Biodegradable magnesium alloys have emerged as promising alternatives to permanent metallic implants due to their unique combination of mechanical compatibility with bone and complete resorption, addressing the persistent issues of stress shielding and secondary removal surgeries. This review critically examines the historical development of magnesium-based biomaterials, highlighting advances in alloy design, manufacturing processes, and surface engineering that now enable tailored degradation and improved clinical performance. Drawing on recent clinical and preclinical studies, we summarize improvements in corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility that have supported the clinical translation of magnesium alloys across a variety of orthopedic and emerging medical applications. However, challenges remain, including unpredictable in vivo degradation kinetics, limited long-term safety data, lack of standardized testing protocols, and ongoing regulatory uncertainties. We conclude that while magnesium-based biomaterials have advanced from experimental concepts to clinically validated solutions, further progress in personalized degradation control, real-time monitoring, and harmonized regulatory frameworks is needed to fully realize their transformative clinical potential.

The use of microalgae as a raw material for biogas production is promising. Macroalgae were mixed with cattle manure, wheat straw, and an inoculant from sewage sludge. Mixing macroalgae with co-substrates increased biogas and methane yield. The research was carried out using a three-stage bioreactor. During biogas production, the dynamics of the composition of the microbiota in the anaerobic chamber of the bioreactor was evaluated. The microbiota composition at different organic load rates (OLRs) of the bioreactor was evaluated. This study also demonstrated that in a three-stage bioreactor, a higher yield of methane in biogas was obtained compared to a single-stage bioreactor. It was found that the most active functional pathway of methane biosynthesis is PWY-6969, which proceeds via the TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate synthase). Microbiota composition and methane yield depended on added volatile solids (VS_added). During the research, it was found that after reducing the ORL from 2.44 to 1.09 kg VS/d, the methane yield increased from 175.2 L CH₄/kg VS_added to 323.5 L CH₄/kg VS_added.

Large amounts of macroalgae and grass are dumped on the shores of the Sea of Azov in different seasons. Aquatic plant biomass management could contribute to sustainable development. By mixing them with co-substrates in an anaerobic bioreactor, not only can biogas be extracted, but suitable fertilizers can also be obtained. This study discusses the possibility of using methanogenesis waste from Azov Sea algae and sea grass as a fertilizer for agriculture. The main criterion is the presence of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the waste products of methanogenesis. The influence of climatic and seasonal factors in the Azov region on the quality and quantity of storm emissions, on the productivity of methanogenesis, and changes in the ratio of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) during methanogenesis and in the fermented substrate has been established. The influence of the ratio of the components of the mixture in various proportions, before methanogenesis, on the productivity of methanogenesis and the change in the ratio of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) during the process of methanogenesis, and in the fermented substrate were studied. The biomass of the Sea of Azov, cattle manure and wastewater waste in various proportions, were used as components of the mixture. Recommendations are given for the selection of mixture components for methanogenesis, with predicted indicators of the ratio of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the fermented substrate.

Ukraine entered the definitive period of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in January 2026 as the largest exporter of CBAM-covered goods to the EU by physical volume, while its industrial base remains under direct wartime pressure. This study provides the first structural analysis of the open microaggregated dataset of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine (SSSU) on air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, covering 1990–2025 across 1284 territorial units, 128 substances, and 605 economic activities (NACE/KVED-2010). A documented harmonization procedure is proposed that resolves the 2020/2021 dimensional break and the ambiguity between oblast (region)- and hromada (municipality)-level records, yielding consistent 36-year series with independent national total validation for 2015–2025. Four phases are identified: transformational decline (1990–1999, −56.5%), stabilization (1999–2013, +4.6%), post-2014 structural decline (2013–2021, −47.9%), and the full-scale war shock (2021–2025, −55.0%). Stationary source emissions fell by 89.3% overall, but the wartime reduction reflects destruction and occupation of capacity, not decarbonization, as reflected in the collapse of metallurgy (−73.8%) and coke production (−89.6%) and the loss of the Mariupol district from statistical coverage after 2022. Mobile sources now supply 65% of the national total. Coal mine methane dominates stationary CH₄ (301 kt in 2021; ≈9.0 Mt CO₂ eq), directly relevant to Regulation (EU) 2024/1787. The regional Herfindahl–Hirschman index fell from 1847 (2021) to 1524 (2025), indicating war-driven regional deconcentration and a westward shift in the emission center of gravity. The findings are validated against independent satellite-based and conflict attribution estimates, and implications for monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) infrastructure, CBAM default value exposure, and the phased design of Ukraine’s emissions trading system are derived.

The paper considers studies related to waste minimization in traditional industrial technologies of bread production. It is shown that with a relatively small amount of organic waste that is easily disposed of in the post-production period, there is an irresistible amount of energy waste that reaches large sizes, related to the world production volumes of this important product for humans. Despite certain modern technologies and rates of bread production, the issue of industrial waste exists and is not solved. The article proposes the results of the study of the theoretically grounded minimum of waste of the general type, regarding the technology of bread production, develops a technique that allows using the principle of thermodynamic duality as a mechanism responsible for the generation of waste in the technological process, as the main one that allows minimizing the formation of waste within the technological process itself. The limits that exist in achieving the desired result, the distribution of the minimum possible waste between the stages of the technological process are shown, it is recommended to use modified energy of external influence, as able to process that part of the raw material that under certain conditions is able to get into waste, but with the help of new energy is capable of some useful qualities that make it a useful product within the technological process itself. It is shown how it is possible to use resonant energy sources to achieve the goal of minimizing energy losses in the technological process of bread production as much as possible. Referring to the theoretically grounded minimum of waste generation, the proposed method of introducing the modified energy of resonant oscillations into the technological process allows not only to reduce heat energy losses by an order of magnitude, but also to reduce the loss of organic waste to the maximum possible 3% of the raw materials used in the technology due to resonant interactions with raw water molecules

The paper attempts to establish the real limits of the capabilities of the generalized technological process to assimilate the conditions for overcoming the condition of thermodynamic duality, as the cause of the appearance of waste in the technological process itself. The proposed method for assessing the thermodynamic state of the generalized technological process from thermodynamic indicators makes it possible to assess the parametric limits for overcoming the state of thermodynamic duality and ensuring the stable thermodynamic non-equilibrium and irreversibility in the mechanisms of waste minimization within the technological process. A parametric relationship has been established between the main thermodynamic indicators that characterize the ability of Generalized Technological Process to absorb additional energy for processing potential waste into marketable products, without violating the stability of the entire Generalized Technological Process. It is shown that the condition for overcoming the principle of thermodynamic duality, as the basis for the appearance of waste in the Generalized Technological Process, in the direction of their minimization in the Generalized Technological Process itself, is the state of thermodynamic nonequilibrium for all components of the material cluster of the Generalized Technological Process at the boundary of its chaos. It is established that for any technological process there is always an operating thermodynamic point A on the phenomenological curve at the lower boundary of nonequilibrium, which determines the ability of a particular technological process to a purposeful change in the structure of the entire raw material cluster, without violating the thermodynamic stability of the entire system. It is shown that the ratio is not only a boundary condition for fractal chaos in Generalized Technological Process, but also a condition for the stability of the Generalized Technological Process itself, as an object of the fractal-cluster model at the boundary of chaos. At the same time, the thermodynamic coefficient that reflects the ratio of the total work on the transformation of all raw materials into marketable products to the basic value of energy in a steady state should not exceed the value of 0.35 for Generalized Technological Process