Biodegradable magnesium alloys have emerged as promising alternatives to permanent metallic implants due to their unique combination of mechanical compatibility with bone and complete resorption, addressing the persistent issues of stress shielding and secondary removal surgeries. This review critically examines the historical development of magnesium-based biomaterials, highlighting advances in alloy design, manufacturing processes, and surface engineering that now enable tailored degradation and improved clinical performance. Drawing on recent clinical and preclinical studies, we summarize improvements in corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility that have supported the clinical translation of magnesium alloys across a variety of orthopedic and emerging medical applications. However, challenges remain, including unpredictable in vivo degradation kinetics, limited long-term safety data, lack of standardized testing protocols, and ongoing regulatory uncertainties. We conclude that while magnesium-based biomaterials have advanced from experimental concepts to clinically validated solutions, further progress in personalized degradation control, real-time monitoring, and harmonized regulatory frameworks is needed to fully realize their transformative clinical potential.

Macroalgae can be a viable alternative to replace fossil fuels that have a negative impact on the environment. By mixing macroalgae with other substrates, higher quality biogas can be obtained. Such biogas is considered one of the most promising solutions for reducing climate change. In the work, new studies were conducted, during which biogas yield was investigated in a three-stage bioreactor (TSB) during the anaerobic digestion of Cladophora glomerata macroalgae with inoculants from cattle manure and sewage sludge at different organic loading rates (OLR). By choosing the optimal OLR in this way, the goal was to increase the energy potential of biomass. The research was performed at OLRs of 2.87, 4.06, and 8.13 Kg VS/m³ d. After conducting research, the highest biogas yield was determined when OLR was 2.87 Kg VS/m³ d. With this OLR, the average biogas yield was 439.0 ± 4.0 L/Kg VS_added, and the methane yield was 306.5 ± 9.2 L CH₄/Kg VS_added. After increasing the OLR to 4.06 and 8.13 Kg VS/m³ d, the yield of biogas and methane decreased by 1.55 times. The higher yield was due to better decomposition of elements C, N, H, and S during the fermentation process when OLR was 2.87 Kg VS/m³ d. At different OLRs, the methane concentration remained high and varied from 68% to 80%. The highest biomass energy potential with a value of 3.05 kWh/Kg VS_added was determined when the OLR was 2.87 Kg VS/m³ d. This biomass energy potential was determined by the high yield of biogas and methane in TSB.

Large amounts of macroalgae and grass are dumped on the shores of the Sea of Azov in different seasons. Aquatic plant biomass management could contribute to sustainable development. By mixing them with co-substrates in an anaerobic bioreactor, not only can biogas be extracted, but suitable fertilizers can also be obtained. This study discusses the possibility of using methanogenesis waste from Azov Sea algae and sea grass as a fertilizer for agriculture. The main criterion is the presence of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the waste products of methanogenesis. The influence of climatic and seasonal factors in the Azov region on the quality and quantity of storm emissions, on the productivity of methanogenesis, and changes in the ratio of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) during methanogenesis and in the fermented substrate has been established. The influence of the ratio of the components of the mixture in various proportions, before methanogenesis, on the productivity of methanogenesis and the change in the ratio of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) during the process of methanogenesis, and in the fermented substrate were studied. The biomass of the Sea of Azov, cattle manure and wastewater waste in various proportions, were used as components of the mixture. Recommendations are given for the selection of mixture components for methanogenesis, with predicted indicators of the ratio of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the fermented substrate.

Ukraine entered the definitive period of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in January 2026 as the largest exporter of CBAM-covered goods to the EU by physical volume, while its industrial base remains under direct wartime pressure. This study provides the first structural analysis of the open microaggregated dataset of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine (SSSU) on air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, covering 1990–2025 across 1284 territorial units, 128 substances, and 605 economic activities (NACE/KVED-2010). A documented harmonization procedure is proposed that resolves the 2020/2021 dimensional break and the ambiguity between oblast (region)- and hromada (municipality)-level records, yielding consistent 36-year series with independent national total validation for 2015–2025. Four phases are identified: transformational decline (1990–1999, −56.5%), stabilization (1999–2013, +4.6%), post-2014 structural decline (2013–2021, −47.9%), and the full-scale war shock (2021–2025, −55.0%). Stationary source emissions fell by 89.3% overall, but the wartime reduction reflects destruction and occupation of capacity, not decarbonization, as reflected in the collapse of metallurgy (−73.8%) and coke production (−89.6%) and the loss of the Mariupol district from statistical coverage after 2022. Mobile sources now supply 65% of the national total. Coal mine methane dominates stationary CH₄ (301 kt in 2021; ≈9.0 Mt CO₂ eq), directly relevant to Regulation (EU) 2024/1787. The regional Herfindahl–Hirschman index fell from 1847 (2021) to 1524 (2025), indicating war-driven regional deconcentration and a westward shift in the emission center of gravity. The findings are validated against independent satellite-based and conflict attribution estimates, and implications for monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) infrastructure, CBAM default value exposure, and the phased design of Ukraine’s emissions trading system are derived.