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This article presents the device and the principle of operation of forage grain crushers that use the centrifugal force of inertia to supply the working bodies—which occurs as a result of rotation of the rotor with a vertical axis. The results of some tests of machines working on this principle have been characterized. Attention is drawn to the disadvantages of most research works, namely the lack of premises for creating shredders of this class with a wide range of performance. The aim of this work is to establish the relationship between the design and technological parameters for the operation of a centrifugal-rotary shredder using the theory of similarity and a dimensional analysis. Moreover, the experimental data show an empirical relationship when calculating the efficiency for the shredder model considered above. By applying the similarity criteria, dimensionless complexes were obtained, which allow to determine the significance of the parameters selected at the initial stage for the efficiency of the shredder. The novelty of this research is the application of the theory of similarity and the use of dimensional analysis, which allowed for scaling the results of the experimental data and obtaining a centrifugal-rotary shredder with higher efficiency, while maintaining the quality of the obtained product. This technique indicates the energy costs of the grinding process, which can be used to select the ratio of parameters in the shredder that would ensure that a minimum amount of energy is consumed.
Wacław Romaniuk; Petr Savinykh; Kinga Borek; Kamil Roman; Alexey Isupov; Aleksandr Moshonkin; Grzegorz Wałowski; Michał Roman. The Application of Similarity Theory and Dimensional Analysis to the Study of Centrifugal-Rotary Chopper of Forage Grain. Energies 2021, 14, 4501 .
AMA StyleWacław Romaniuk, Petr Savinykh, Kinga Borek, Kamil Roman, Alexey Isupov, Aleksandr Moshonkin, Grzegorz Wałowski, Michał Roman. The Application of Similarity Theory and Dimensional Analysis to the Study of Centrifugal-Rotary Chopper of Forage Grain. Energies. 2021; 14 (15):4501.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWacław Romaniuk; Petr Savinykh; Kinga Borek; Kamil Roman; Alexey Isupov; Aleksandr Moshonkin; Grzegorz Wałowski; Michał Roman. 2021. "The Application of Similarity Theory and Dimensional Analysis to the Study of Centrifugal-Rotary Chopper of Forage Grain." Energies 14, no. 15: 4501.
The article discusses the issues of increasing the energy efficiency of processing agricultural waste in a gas generator. The main goal of this technological process is the production of gas fuel from agricultural waste. This fuel is generator gas. The energy value or calorific value of the generator gas depends on the elementary composition of the solid fuel being processed (straw, animal droppings, peat, wood, carbon-containing industrial waste, etc.) and also on the conditions under which chemical reactions take place in the gas generator. In order to improve the gas generator technology, some innovative technical solutions have been proposed. The solutions are related to controlling the supply of the oxidizer (atmospheric air) to the reaction zone of the gas generator, to recuperate the thermal energy of the gas generator and the combined combustion engine of the power plant for the needs of the gasification process. The solutions are also related to the use of compensation and accumulation systems for supplying the consumer with generator gas and to the spatial positioning of the gas generator housing. The control mode of the oxidizer supply to the reaction zone of the gas generator was also investigated. The analysis of the experimental material allows us to draw a conclusion about the positive effect of control modes on the energy value of the generator gas at non-nominal consumption of generator gas by the consumer. This is a consequence of the optimization of the flow speed of the oxidant from the blowing nozzles of the gas generator. According to the tests of the chemical composition of generator gas in gas generator, depending on the number of electromagnetic valves operating, the largest CO content (approx. 17%) was with five valves, CO2 (approx. 5%) with the lower number of valves, and the O2 was with the highest number of valves. The pressure gauge (discharge in gas generator) was the biggest, according to the lower number of valves. The biggest gas consumption was approx. 6 m3/h.
Wacław Romaniuk; Piotr Savinykh; Kinga Borek; Yulia Plotnikowa; Andriej Palitsyn; Aleksandr Korotkov; Kamil Roman; Michał Roman. Improvement of Gas Generator Technology for Energy Processing of Agricultural Waste. Energies 2021, 14, 3642 .
AMA StyleWacław Romaniuk, Piotr Savinykh, Kinga Borek, Yulia Plotnikowa, Andriej Palitsyn, Aleksandr Korotkov, Kamil Roman, Michał Roman. Improvement of Gas Generator Technology for Energy Processing of Agricultural Waste. Energies. 2021; 14 (12):3642.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWacław Romaniuk; Piotr Savinykh; Kinga Borek; Yulia Plotnikowa; Andriej Palitsyn; Aleksandr Korotkov; Kamil Roman; Michał Roman. 2021. "Improvement of Gas Generator Technology for Energy Processing of Agricultural Waste." Energies 14, no. 12: 3642.
The aim of the study was to present the scale of greenhouse gas emissions from animal production, and to provide test results from different housing systems. In three free stall buildings, two with slurry in deep channels and one with cattle in cubicles staying on shallow litter concentration of ammonia and carbon dioxide were measured in summer season by using dedicated equipment from Industrial Scientific Research. Air exchange was calculated on the base of balance carbon dioxide method. This method was used in order to estimate the air flow rate. Concentrations of ammonia and CO2 were measured as the base for air exchange and ammonia emission rates. Ammonia emissions were product of ammonia concentration and air exchange rate. Temperature and relative humidity were measured to establish microclimate conditions in buildings tested to show the overall microclimatic situation in buildings. Differences between ammonia emission rates were observed in both housing systems. The highest ammonia emission rate was equal to 2.75 g·h−1·LU−1 in well-ventilated cattle barn with the largest herd size.
Kamila Mazur; Kamil Roman; Witold Jan Wardal; Kinga Borek; Jan Barwicki; Marek Kierończyk. Emission of harmful gases from animal production in Poland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2021, 193, 1 -9.
AMA StyleKamila Mazur, Kamil Roman, Witold Jan Wardal, Kinga Borek, Jan Barwicki, Marek Kierończyk. Emission of harmful gases from animal production in Poland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2021; 193 (6):1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamila Mazur; Kamil Roman; Witold Jan Wardal; Kinga Borek; Jan Barwicki; Marek Kierończyk. 2021. "Emission of harmful gases from animal production in Poland." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 193, no. 6: 1-9.
Methane production by fermentation is a complex biochemical process, in which micromolecular organic substances are broken down by anaerobic bacteria into simple stabilized chemicals—mainly methane CH4 and carbon dioxide CO2. The organic matter of the slurry consists mainly of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. As a result of biochemical changes in the process of anaerobic decomposition, some of this matter is mineralized to simple chemical compounds. Cattle and pig husbandry offers enormous potential for useable biogas plant substrates. As a result of the constantly increasing amounts of animal husbandry products, and increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements aimed at reusing natural fertilizers, it is necessary to look for alternative processing methods. The need for efficiency in obtaining biogas from substrates (e.g., manure) was met by the laboratory stand presented in this article, for which the Polish patent No. 232200 was obtained. The new technology also allows leaching of the organic liquid, e.g., from manure, and subjecting it to methane fermentation. The solution allows the individual elements of the technological line that determine the fermentation process to be tested under laboratory conditions. It also allows testing of the substrates in terms of fermentation, to determine their physical and chemical characteristics, and then to characterize the fermentation process in terms of the quality and quantity of the resulting biogas and the quality of post-fermentation residues. Compressing biogas for local distribution was also proposed. As part of the research, using a laboratory stand, the organic matter was leached from manure, for the purpose of biogas production. In addition, the biogas yield from manure at varying degrees of maturity was assessed. The best properties in terms of biogas yield forecasting were demonstrated by manure composted for 4–8 weeks.
Kinga Borek; Wacław Romaniuk; Kamil Roman; Michał Roman; Maciej Kuboń. The Analysis of a Prototype Installation for Biogas Production from Chosen Agricultural Substrates. Energies 2021, 14, 2132 .
AMA StyleKinga Borek, Wacław Romaniuk, Kamil Roman, Michał Roman, Maciej Kuboń. The Analysis of a Prototype Installation for Biogas Production from Chosen Agricultural Substrates. Energies. 2021; 14 (8):2132.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKinga Borek; Wacław Romaniuk; Kamil Roman; Michał Roman; Maciej Kuboń. 2021. "The Analysis of a Prototype Installation for Biogas Production from Chosen Agricultural Substrates." Energies 14, no. 8: 2132.
Modern and innovative dairy cattle breeding technologies are highly dependent on the level of mechanization. This article presents modern solutions for dairy cattle breeding, in particular, for livestock buildings, in which longitudinal development is possible in accordance with the farm’s needs as well as with obtaining additional energy from biogas and post-ferment for granulated organic fertilizer. In the analysed technology for milk production, methane fermentation, biogas yield, and the possibility of fertilizer production in the form of granules are considered. The presented modular cattle breeding technology includes sustainable production, which is economic; environmentally friendly, with preconditions in the facility including animal welfare; and socially acceptable, resulting from a high level of mechanization, which ensures both comfortable working conditions and high milk quality. The presented production line is an integral part of the milk production process with the possibility of organic fertilizer being used in the production of healthy food.
Wacław Romaniuk; Kamila Mazur; Kinga Borek; Andrzej Borusiewicz; Witold Wardal; Sylwester Tabor; Maciej Kuboń. Biomass Energy Technologies from Innovative Dairy Farming Systems. Processes 2021, 9, 335 .
AMA StyleWacław Romaniuk, Kamila Mazur, Kinga Borek, Andrzej Borusiewicz, Witold Wardal, Sylwester Tabor, Maciej Kuboń. Biomass Energy Technologies from Innovative Dairy Farming Systems. Processes. 2021; 9 (2):335.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWacław Romaniuk; Kamila Mazur; Kinga Borek; Andrzej Borusiewicz; Witold Wardal; Sylwester Tabor; Maciej Kuboń. 2021. "Biomass Energy Technologies from Innovative Dairy Farming Systems." Processes 9, no. 2: 335.
Modern livestock facilities necessary in the production of milk, meat or other animal products should be constructed with environmental protection in mind, while ensuring high quality of production and animal welfare. The high level of mechanization in modern dairy farms, including automated and robotic processes, allows obtaining high quality raw material (e.g. milk), and significantly increasing labor and production efficiency. In addition, the use of photovoltaic (PV) panels, heat recovery from milk and obtaining biogas from the manure fermentation process, contributes to large energy savings on the farm. Excess of natural fertilizers, which are an animal byproduct, can be used as a substrate for methane fermentation. The presented examples of obtaining renewable energy allow improving the economic efficiency of animal production. They also ensure appropriate environmental conditions through the innovative management of natural fertilizers.
Kinga Borek; Wacław Romaniuk. Possibilities of Obtaining Renewable Energy in Dairy Farming. Agricultural Engineering 2020, 24, 9 -20.
AMA StyleKinga Borek, Wacław Romaniuk. Possibilities of Obtaining Renewable Energy in Dairy Farming. Agricultural Engineering. 2020; 24 (2):9-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKinga Borek; Wacław Romaniuk. 2020. "Possibilities of Obtaining Renewable Energy in Dairy Farming." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 2: 9-20.
Development of innovative technological solutions in animal production should be associated with reduction of greenhouse gases, ammonia emission, and with rational disposal of natural fertilizers. The presented solutions and concepts of biogas acquisition and its disposal as well as a disposal of digestate mass place a need to improve the technological process before the science. The main aim of the presented solutions for the use of methane fermentation of a natural fertiliser in agricultural conditions is their utilization and energy acquisition, in particular for households and farms. When considering the issue of methane fermentation, one should include all favourable fertilization, energy aspects and firstly, the ecological ones. During the methane fermentation, substrates are stabilized due to removal of a large amount of carbon. The only elements that are removed from the system are evolving gases: CH4, CO2 and H2S. During the discussed process, the entire nitrogen is preserved in the organic or ammonia form.
Kinga Borek; Wacław Romaniuk. Biogas Installations for Harvesting Energy and Utilization of Natural Fertilisers. Agricultural Engineering 2020, 24, 1 -14.
AMA StyleKinga Borek, Wacław Romaniuk. Biogas Installations for Harvesting Energy and Utilization of Natural Fertilisers. Agricultural Engineering. 2020; 24 (1):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKinga Borek; Wacław Romaniuk. 2020. "Biogas Installations for Harvesting Energy and Utilization of Natural Fertilisers." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 1: 1-14.