The oil bitumen BND 90/130, produced at the “LLP SP Caspi Bitum” with the modifier, which consists of copolymer of ethylene with butyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate taken in an amount of 0.5–1.6 wt%, and the tire reclaim (4–20 wt%), which is the destructate of mesh elastomers of different chemical nature, was modified; possibility of using the developed bitumen-elastomer binders in road asphalt concrete was justified. Modification of bitumen with a copolymer of ethylene with butyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate leads to an improvement in the properties of road bitumen: the softening point, hardness, deformability at low temperatures, elasticity, and adhesion to metal and mineral filler increase. It was shown that ethylene with butyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate chemically interacts with the functional groups of bitumen asphaltenes through the epoxy group of glycidyl methacrylate. Analysis of the spectra and group composition indicates an increased content of high molecular weight asphaltenes in the modified bitumen with a slight increase in structuring resins. It has been established that bitumen modified with rubber crumbs of 0.6–1.0 mm in size has high elasticity. The most effective composition of a bitumen-regenerated composite material based on tire reclaim has been determined. In terms of the totality of physicochemical and operational characteristics and comparative cost, the most acceptable is the bitumen-regenerated composition (with a regenerate content of 20%) and is superior in the complex of properties to bitumen modified with an optimal content of ethylene with butyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate (1.6%). The technology for modifying bitumen with tire reclaim is less time-consuming, more economically profitable, and environmentally effective, since it utilizes large-tonnage waste of worn-out tires. The resulting bitumen-polymer compositions have a high positive set of properties: softening point, hardness, elasticity, frost resistance, and low-temperature characteristics.

A structure of composite cement with 15 wt.% thermally activated clay shales has been developed. The phase composition and properties of aluminosilicate rocks of the Kazakhstan deposits—Mynaral and Kuyuk—have been studied. It has been shown that aluminosilicates are related to clay shales by their composition. The regularities of thermal activation processes of aluminosilicates have been established, and it has been shown that pozzolanic activity increases for all compositions with an increase in the heat treatment temperature from 700 to 900 °C. The clay shale of the Mynaral deposit is characterized by the highest activity. The physicomechanical properties of the obtained composite cements–including Portland cement clinker, gypsum, and thermally activated clay shale—have been studied. It has been shown that when replacing up to 15 wt.% Portland cement clinker with thermally activated clay shales, there is no decrease in the strength properties of the composite cement. The obtained results allow us to consider heat-treated clay shales as active mineral additives.

A composition of composite cement with the possibility of reducing the proportion of clinker to 15% by weight on aluminosilicate rocks has been developed. The object of the study is the production of composite cement using aluminosilicate rocks of the Kazakhstan deposits - Mynaral and Kuyuk. The patterns of thermal activation processes of polymineral clays and the compositions of the products of firing active mineral additives have been established. It has been established that the clay shale of the Mynaral deposit heat-treated at 900°C has the highest activity. The qualitative and quantitative phase composition of active mineral additives, the main physical and mechanical properties of the obtained composite cements have been studied and determined. It has been established that the best strength properties are possessed by composite cements with additives of 15% of clay shales fired at 800 - 900°C.

The Kalamkas deposit’s oil and its distillation products were studied, and research results on residues and road grade bitumen compositions obtained by oxidation of heavy oil residuest are presented. The atmospheric residue of Kalamkas oil (350 Со) was subjected to vacuum distillation with the selection of gas oil fractions boiling to 380, 400 and 420 Со. Samples of residues were subjected to oxidation in a laboratory installation, which is a batch cube at constant operating conditions. The residues from different depths of gas oil fractions are characterized by different group chemical compositions. The group composition of the residues changes, the content of paraffinnaphthenic hydrocarbons decreases from 29.4 to 23.3% wt. and the proportion of heavy aromatic hydrocarbons increases from 26.8 to 27.8% wt. The content of asphaltenes (from 7.7 to 12.4% wt) and resins (from 17.4 to 22.5% wt) also increases. The ratio of asphaltenes and resins increases from 0.44 to 0.55. With an increase in the depth of selection of gas oil fractions to 420°C, the degree of aromaticity, the ratio of the amount of aromatic hydrocarbons to paraffin-naphthenic ones, increases to 1.79. Road grade bitumens produced from the vacuum distillation residues of Kalamkas oil fuel oil using direct oxidation technology of raw materials have the best performance characteristics if they are obtained from residues boiling in the range of 380–400°C. Residues boiling above 380-400 Со can serve as raw materials for the production of oxidized road bitumen of BND70/100 grade according to ST RK 1373 - 2013.

The problem of recycling worn-out tires and recycling of solid carbon-containing residue from the pyrolysis of tires is considered. The possibility of processing carbon black from the pyrolysis of tires into a high-quality concentrate, which can serve as a raw material for modifying petroleum bitumen, has been shown. The nature of the interactions occurring between the components of carbon black and the matrix of petroleum road bitumens has been studied. The chemical interaction of carbon black with the bitumen matrix through unsaturated C=C bonds has been proven. The introduction of carbon black as a modifying additive leads to a significant change in the physical, mechanical and rheological properties of the resulting bitumen binder systems. Based on spectrometric studies, an assessment is made of the structural changes occurring in the original and modified bitumen during the production of modified bitumen binders. It has been established that with such modification, diffusion of aromatic hydrocarbons occurs from the bitumen component into the modifier particles. During the modification process, six-membered cyclic aromatic compounds are formed in the bitumen part, the composition of paraffin-naphthenic hydrocarbons changes, and sulfur compounds are formed that “transfer” from the modifier particles to the bitumen. Thus, in this study, the phenomenon of mutual diffusion between bitumen and CBWT modifier was confirmed using IR spectroscopy.

The modern trends in the development of cement process technologies include: high individual production line capacity reaching 12.000 tons of clinker per day, informatization, digitalization of production management, intellectualization of cement equipment operations, the use of artificial intelligence, widespread use of industrial waste, alternative fuels, energy-saving production processes, and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. The paper examines the possibilities of using industrial waste as raw materials for producing low-temperature clinkers and mineral additives in composite cements in order to reduce CO2 emissions. Low-energy compositions of raw mixtures for clinker production have been developed, which include coal mining waste, lead slag, tephrite-basalt, and clinker from the agglomeration of zinc ores. In these raw mixtures, waste replaces up to 20-25% of natural raw materials, allows clinker formation to complete at 1300–1350°C, increases kiln productivity, and reduces carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere by 15-20%. Burnt clay shales from the Betpakdala and Kuyuk deposits were studied as active mineral additives in composite cements to reduce the clinker component, reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, and improve the environmental situation. The processes of shale burning were studied, and the activity of mineral additives was determined depending on the heat treatment temperature. Composite cements with active mineral additives of up to 15% by weight were obtained.