Introduction: Sedentary lifestyles threaten physical and psychological well-being. Nature-integrated green sports environments and digitally supported smart sports environments may promote physical activity and sustainable health. This study examined the direct and indirect associations among green facility exposure/use, smart facility/technology interaction, physical activity, sport motivation, perceived stress, psychological resilience, and quality of life. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional correlational design was used with 300 adults living in Türkiye (168 women and 132 men; mean age = 33.4 years, SD = 9.7). Data were collected online between 22 May and 14 November 2025 and analyzed using a hybrid structural equation model combining observed composite indices and latent psychometric constructs. Results: The model showed acceptable fit ( χ ² /d f = 2.10, CFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.051, SRMR = 0.044). Physical activity was positively associated with sport motivation ( β = 0.48, p < 0.001), which was positively associated with psychological resilience ( β = 0.42, p < 0.001) and quality of life ( β = 0.27, p < 0.001). Green facility exposure/use ( β = 0.18, p < 0.05) and smart facility/technology interaction ( β = 0.12, p < 0.05) were positively associated with physical activity. Perceived stress was negatively associated with psychological resilience ( β = −0.33, p < 0.01) and quality of life ( β = −0.29, p < 0.01). Indirect associations linked physical activity with quality of life through sport motivation and psychological resilience. Discussion: Green and smart exercise contexts may support physical activity and related motivational and psychological processes. Because the study was cross-sectional, the findings should be interpreted as associations rather than causal effects. Nature-based and technology-supported opportunities may inform sports-environment planning and public-health strategies.

Background: Adolescence is a period in which beliefs about personal capability and expectations for the future develop alongside increasing academic and, for student-athletes, sporting demands. This study examined the associations among self-efficacy, future expectation, and perceived stress in high school student-athletes. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 425 high school student-athletes who completed measures of self-efficacy, future expectation, and perceived stress. Confirmatory factor analyses and multivariable regression models were used to examine domain- and component-level associations. Results: Self-efficacy dimensions were positively associated with several future-expectation domains, with social self-efficacy showing the most consistent pattern after FDR correction. Emotional self-efficacy was negatively associated with Perceived Distress, whereas no self-efficacy dimension remained significantly associated with Perceived Coping after FDR correction. Future-expectation domains were not significantly associated with either perceived-stress component in the adjusted models after FDR correction. Female gender and higher grade level were associated with greater Perceived Distress. Conclusion: Self-efficacy showed domain-specific associations with future expectation and perceived stress in high school student-athletes. Emotional self-efficacy was associated with lower Perceived Distress, whereas future-expectation domains showed no significant adjusted associations with either perceived-stress component after FDR correction. Given the cross-sectional design, these findings should be interpreted as contemporaneous associations rather than causal effects.

Background: Self-control, self-defense self-efficacy, and mental resilience are fundamental psychological determinants of performance and competitive endurance in combat sports. However, scientific evidence on structured, evidence-based psychological intervention programs for professional female wrestlers remains limited. This study examined the effects of a psychological skills training (PST)-based intervention on self-control, self-defense self-efficacy, and mental resilience in professional female wrestlers. Methods: A randomized controlled pre-test–post-test design was employed. Thirty-six professional female wrestlers (aged 18–25) were randomly assigned to a PST group ( n = 18) or a control group (CG; n = 18). The PST group completed an 8-week structured psychological intervention alongside regular training, while the CG continued routine training only. Self-control, self-defense self-efficacy, and mental resilience were assessed pre- and post-intervention using valid and reliable psychometric scales. Data were analyzed via repeated-measures ANOVA, with effect sizes calculated. Results: Significant group × time interactions were observed across multiple outcomes. A highly significant interaction emerged for perceived physical self-defense capacity (SP; F (1,34) = 56.525, p < 0.001, ηp ² = 0.624) and for DP scores ( F (1,34) = 9.360, p = 0.004, ηp ² = 0.216). Among self-control subscales, significant interactions were found for inhibition ( F (1,34) = 8.172, p = 0.007, ηp ² = 0.194) and, more strongly, for initiation ( F (1,34) = 14.157, p < 0.001, ηp ² = 0.294). For mental resilience, highly significant interactions were detected for confidence ( F (1,34) = 59.976, p < 0.001, ηp ² = 0.638), control ( F (1,34) = 32.486, p < 0.001, ηp ² = 0.489), and persistence ( F (1,34) = 32.709, p < 0.001, ηp ² = 0.490). Overall, the intervention demonstrated medium-to-high effect sizes across psychological performance indicators. Conclusion: These findings suggest that PST may serve as a useful complementary approach for enhancing self-control, perceived physical self-defense capacity, and mental toughness in professional female wrestlers. However, results should not be interpreted as evidence of improved competitive wrestling performance, technical success, or objectively measured physical self-defense ability, as these outcomes were not directly assessed in this study.

Introduction: The increasing integration of digital and artificial intelligence-supported systems into sport organizations has transformed managerial processes such as performance monitoring, evaluation, planning, scheduling, and decision-making. This study examined the association between algorithmic management and technostress among sport science professionals and investigated the moderating role of techno-related control. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed with 372 sport science professionals working in sport-related organizations where digital or AI-supported systems were used to perform or support managerial functions. Algorithmic management was assessed using the Algorithmic Management Questionnaire, technostress was measured using the Turkish version of the Technostress Creators Scale, and techno-related control was assessed using the Techno-related Control subscale of the Technology-Related Moderator Scale. The measurement model was evaluated through confirmatory factor analysis, and the hypothesized moderation model was tested using Hayes’ PROCESS Macro Model 1. Results: Algorithmic management was positively associated with technostress (B = 0.38, p < 0.001), whereas techno-related control was negatively associated with technostress (B = −0.17, p < 0.001). In addition, the interaction between algorithmic management and techno-related control was negative and statistically significant (B = −0.12, SE = 0.038, p = 0.002, 95% CI [−0.19, −0.05]). The interaction explained an additional 2.1% of the variance in technostress (ΔR² = 0.021), indicating that the positive association between algorithmic management and technostress became weaker as techno-related control increased. Discussion: These findings suggest that techno-related control may represent a meaningful, although modest, boundary condition in the relationship between algorithmic management and technostress and may help explain differences in how sport science professionals experience technology-mediated managerial demands.

This study examined associations between perceived digital competence and AI-related competencies among sport management students in Türkiye, focusing on dimension-specific relationships and differences by formal AI education and AI tool use. A cross-sectional survey included 420 undergraduate and postgraduate sport management students. Digital competence was assessed with the 29-item Turkish COBADI^®, and AI-related competencies with the 34-item MAILS. Confirmatory factor analysis, HTMT, bootstrapped path modelling (5000 resamples), and independent-samples t-tests with correction for multiple comparisons were conducted. COBADI^® aggregate scores were positively associated with MAILS aggregate scores (β = 0.438, p < 0.001, R² = 0.192, f² = 0.238). The five digital competence dimensions accounted for 24.1% of the variance in AI Literacy, 21.8% in AI Self-Efficacy, 13.7% in Create AI, and 12.6% in AI Self-Competency. After FDR correction, significant dimension-specific associations were observed for Problem-Solving, Information and Data Literacy, Digital Content Development, and Communication across different AI-related competency domains, with statistically significant local effects ranging from negligible to small in magnitude. After Holm correction, students reporting formal AI education had higher AI Literacy scores, whereas students reporting AI tool use had higher MAILS aggregate, Create AI, AI Self-Efficacy, and Digital Content Development scores than those reporting no AI tool use. No statistically significant gender differences were observed. Perceived digital competence and AI-related competencies were associated in a multidimensional and non-uniform pattern among sport management students. These findings may inform future curriculum development and intervention-based research in sport management education, but they do not establish that targeting specific digital competencies, providing formal AI education, or using AI tools will produce improvements in AI-related competence.

Background: Social media may contribute to orthorexia nervosa tendencies through exposure to idealized health, fitness, nutrition, and appearance-related content. This study examined whether body image moderated the association between addictive social media use and orthorexia nervosa tendencies among physically active university students. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 350 physically active university students aged 18–23 years who reported exercising at least once per week. Participants completed the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, the Turkish Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale, and the Body Cathexis Scale. Pearson correlations and moderation analysis using Hayes’ PROCESS Model 1 were conducted, controlling for the primary demographic and exercise-related covariates, with additional lifestyle variables examined in a fully adjusted sensitivity model. Results: Addictive social media use and body image were not independently associated with orthorexia nervosa tendencies. In the primary parsimonious model, the interaction between addictive social media use and body image was not statistically significant ( B = −0.004, p = 0.149) and explained an additional 0.6% of the variance. In a fully adjusted sensitivity model, the interaction was statistically significant ( B = −0.012, p < 0.001) and accounted for an additional 5.1% of the variance. Thus, the primary moderation hypothesis was not supported, and the significant interaction observed in the fully adjusted model should be regarded as specification-sensitive. Conclusion: The primary moderation hypothesis was not supported in the parsimonious model. A significant interaction emerged only in the fully adjusted sensitivity model, indicating that the observed moderation pattern was dependent on covariate specification. Accordingly, this finding should be interpreted cautiously and requires confirmation in future longitudinal studies.