Helicobacter pylori is a primary cause of several gastrointestinal diseases, including chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. Unfortunately, standard treatments are increasingly failing due to rising antimicrobial resistance, particularly to clarithromycin. This necessitates the development of optimized H. pylori management strategies that minimize antibiotic use, reduce adverse effects, lower costs, and improve compliance. Vonoprazan-based regimens seem to be a viable option, as vonoprazan (VPZ) offers more consistent and potent acid suppression because it is not significantly affected by CYP2C19 genetic variations. This review comprehensively analyzed 43 clinical studies from the past five years in PubMed, evaluating the efficacy and safety of vonoprazan-based regimens for H. pylori eradication, including comparisons with established and novel therapies of varying doses and durations. The findings consistently demonstrate that VPZ-based therapies achieve comparable or superior eradication rates, alongside a more favorable safety profile and enhanced cost-effectiveness. While high-dose vonoprazan-amoxicillin (VA) therapy temporarily impacts gut microbiota and can persistently affect the antibiotic resistome, low-dose VA regimens show negligible effects. This highlights VA therapy as a promising candidate for an optimal H. pylori eradication strategy, though further long-term research, particularly in diverse global populations, is essential to definitively establish the best possible regimens.

Ashwagandha, also known as Withania somnifera, is an adaptogen gaining popularity as a natural stress reducer. Stress is a common phenomenon caused by factors such as lifestyle, work pressure or social conflict, and has a negative impact on both mental and physical health. In response to these challenges, more and more people are looking for natural solutions, and adaptogens such as ashwagandha offer support in dealing with stress without significant side effects. Scientific research shows that ashwagandha can lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol and improve results on tests assessing stress, anxiety and depression. Numerous studies conducted on both animals and humans confirm its beneficial effects on mental and physical health, including improvement of cognitive functions, sleep quality and emotional well-being. The mechanism of action of ashwagandha includes regulation of the HPA axis, reduction of glucocorticoids and modulation of the immune system. Despite promising results, further research is needed to fully understand its mechanism of action, assess long-term effects, and investigate possible interactions with other drugs. Ashwagandha seems to be a safe and effective agent in the fight against stress, but it is recommended to consult a doctor before starting supplementation.

Introduction and aim of the study: Blow-out fractures of the orbit, most commonly involving the inferior wall, are severe facial injuries. The functional impairments (including diplopia and restricted ocular motility) and aesthetic deformities (such as facial asymmetry and enophthalmos) significantly affect the patient’s overall health and quality of life. This paper aims to analyze the current knowledge regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and functional and aesthetic aspects of blow-out orbital fractures. Current knowledge: Blow-out fractures are most often the result of blunt trauma, such as in traffic accidents, falls, or interpersonal violence. The injury leads to increased intraorbital pressure and damage to the orbital structures. Diagnosis relies on imaging techniques, including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which allow for assessment of the extent of the damage. Treatment depends on the size of the fracture and the presence of complications. In some cases, surgical intervention is necessary, which may include using bone grafts or implants to restore both function and aesthetics. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and the application of appropriate treatment methods, including reconstructive surgery, are crucial for improving the functional and aesthetic aspects of patients. Endoscopic surgery for blow-out fractures demonstrates minimal invasiveness and better aesthetic outcomes, reducing the risk of complications and enhancing patients’ quality of life.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the leading cause of global chronic liver disease, with a prevalence of approximately 30%. This review outlines the diagnostic transition from the exclusionary non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) framework to the affirmative MASLD nomenclature, which mandates the presence of at least one of five specific cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) to prioritize active pathophysiology. Beyond hepatic complications, MASLD drives systemic metabolic failure, significantly elevating risks for type 2 diabetes, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cardiovascular disease, the primary cause of mortality in this cohort. Clinical management relies on a standardized, two-tier risk-stratification pathway for advanced fibrosis. Primary care triage utilizes the Fibrosis–4 (FIB–4) index; a score < 1.3 excludes advanced disease via a high negative predictive value, whereas indeterminate or high scores require secondary validation via vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) or the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) test to guide specialist referral. Although lifestyle modifications, principally a 7–10% weight reduction and Mediterranean diet adherence, remain foundational, management has transitioned toward disease-modifying pharmacotherapies. A pivotal breakthrough occurred with the 2024 FDA approval of resmetirom, a selective thyroid hormone receptor-beta (THR-β) agonist, for non-cirrhotic metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) with moderate-to-advanced fibrosis. Concurrently, the emergence of GLP-1 receptor agonists and multi-incretin mimetics offers a personalized, multi-target approach simultaneously addressing hepatic inflammation, glycemic control, and adiposity.

Sport is an important aspect of human life, affecting mental and physical health. Physical activity is one of the most effective ways of preventing the diseases of civilisation, such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, obesity and diabetes. There are many substances and methods that are used by athletes to improve physical performance, increase muscle mass and strength, increase concentration or suppress excessive emotions or reduce body weight to improve sports results. However, there is a need for research to find natural substances of plant origin, the use of which will lead to an increase in physical performance and will be fully legal and without side effects. Some scientists are conducting research into the use of ashwagandha root extract to improve physical performance. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of ashwagandha root extract in the treatment of insomnia, anxiety and in reducing stress. Our study material consisted of publications, which were found in PubMed, ResearchGate and Google Scholar databases. In order to find the proper publications, the search has been conducted with the use of a combination of key words like: ''ashawagandha'', ''physical performance'', ''physical endurance'', ''muscle strength". The first step was to find proper publications from the last 15 years. The second step was to carry out an overview of the found publications.

Background: The microbiota-gut-brain axis provides a biologically plausible framework for bidirectional communication between intestinal microorganisms and the central nervous system. Human studies have reported gut microbiota differences in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia, but the reproducibility and clinical meaning of these observations remain uncertain. Objective: To critically summarize human evidence on gut microbiota composition in ASD, ADHD, and schizophrenia, and to assess clinical evidence for probiotic and synbiotic formulations and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in these disorders. Methods: A focused narrative review was conducted using PubMed and supplementary Google Scholar searches. Publications from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2024 were considered, and the final search update was completed on 28 February 2025. Forty-two publications were purposively selected and synthesized; original human studies were prioritized whenever available. Evidence was interpreted with attention to study design, sample size, medication exposure, diet, gastrointestinal symptoms, stool characteristics, sequencing and bioinformatics methods, outcome selection, safety reporting, and risk of reverse causality. Because this was a narrative rather than a systematic review, no PRISMA flow diagram, duplicate independent screening, formal study-level risk-of-bias instrument, or new quantitative pooling was used. Results: Across all three disorders, individual studies and meta-analyses report group-level microbiota differences, but no reproducible disorder-specific microbial signature has been established. In ASD, dietary selectivity, gastrointestinal symptoms, and stool consistency explain an important proportion of reported associations. ADHD studies are generally small and yield conflicting diversity and taxonomic findings. In schizophrenia, associations are influenced by antipsychotic exposure, metabolic status, smoking, diet, and illness chronicity. Controlled trials and meta-analyses have not shown consistent improvement in core symptoms with probiotic or synbiotic products. Early uncontrolled microbiota-transfer studies in ASD suggested possible benefits, but a 2024 randomized placebo-controlled FMT trial did not demonstrate improvement in its primary clinical outcome. Evidence for FMT in ADHD is limited to a case report, and no controlled human efficacy evidence was identified for schizophrenia. FMT carries infectious, procedural, and uncertain long-term risks. Conclusions: Gut microbiota differences in ASD, ADHD, and schizophrenia should currently be regarded as associated features rather than established causes, diagnostic biomarkers, or validated therapeutic targets. Routine microbiome testing, probiotics or synbiotics for core symptoms, and FMT cannot be recommended as standard treatments for these disorders. Future studies require longitudinal designs, careful control of diet and medication, standardized laboratory methods, preregistered clinical outcomes, adequate power, external validation, and systematic safety monitoring.