El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer un análisis de los saberes ancestrales de los aimaras sobre la crianza de la papa e identificar las diversas formas de conversación que ellos establecen con las señas agroecosistémicas. El estudio se basa en una perspectiva metodológica etnográfica cualitativa que utiliza técnicas de entrevista cara a cara y observación participante. Los resultados de la investigación evidencian que, en las comunidades andinas de Puno, la crianza de la papa está vinculada estrechamente con el comportamiento climático, por tanto, las conversaciones con las señas agroecosistémicas son constante en las distintas etapas del ciclo agrícola.

The research is about the use of agrochemicals and organic fertilizers in the breeding of crops in the Aymara communities of Puno. The objective of the research is to describe and explain the practices and perceptions of farmers on the use of chemical and natural fertilizers in the production of various crops such as: tubers and grains, the characteristics of use and damage caused. For this, the qualitative-ethnographic methodology was used, with the help of techniques such as the interview, participant observation, theorical and practical experience and life stories, it allowed us to glimpse the context of the Aymara farmer. With the result of the research, a practice is perceived, that farmers combine agrochemical and natural fertilizers, in order to control pests and obtain better yields in production, they also show negative effects of the use of agrochemicals in production and human consumption, For this reason, some families are reoriented to invigorate in the communal and family organization on the traditional knowledge of the use of organic inputs in agriculture.

Experiential rural tourism requires the direct involvement of the local population and tourists. The purpose of the study was to detail and examine the progress and experiences of the implementation of this type of tourism. The elements studied include communication, mutual respect, socio-economic growth, cultural authenticity, shared cultural customs, reciprocity, appreciation of cultural identity and environment; as well as the perceptions and experiences of visitors and local inhabitants. The method used was qualitative, complemented with techniques such as detailed interviews with the local population and visitors, participant observation in the performance of this activity and content study. The outcome shows the complexity of this practice, underlining the relevance of a collaborative and participatory approach that ensures fairness, mutual respect and long-term sustainability for visitors and local inhabitants. Likewise, challenges and tensions linked to power, representation, authenticity and cultural integration are recognized, with the aim of optimizing the distribution of economic benefits for a more inclusive and responsible tourism.

Objective: The objective is to describe the linguistic identity of the students of the Juliaca Public Pedagogical Higher Education School from the various Quechua and Aymara-speaking ecozones of the Puno region. Theoretical Framework: This research deals with linguistic identity of the students, in the context the use of the Spanish language in communication is a priority, as it is considered an official language. In the research we confirmed that the students have a favorable linguistic identity towards the Quechua and Aymara languages, because these languages have utility value and a symbol of cultural identity in the Puno region. In addition, in intercultural educational policies the use of the Quechua and Aymara languages is recognized. Therefore, it is essential to use it in the family, communal and institutional context. Method: The most predominant qualitative-ethnographic methodology was used, complemented by the quantitative methodology, as well as with the help of interview, participant observation and performance techniques, which allowed us to glimpse linguistic identities. The research sample considered was 128 students, with a statistical affixation in a proportional manner, according to the student population of each specialty of the school. Results: The study glimpses the identity with the Quechua, Aymara and Spanish languages. The results show the factors that influence the student to prefer to speak in Spanish and not in Quechua or Aymara and finally the perceptions about the linguistic identity of the students, in the context of coexistence in the higher education institution and in the family. Contribution: In this research we glimpse the existence of the diversity of languages linked to the different linguistic families; Spanish as the official language is spoken in various institutional spaces and Quechua and Aymara in communal and family contexts.

In crisis situations, it is essential to increase representative democracy by structuring communities as tools to encourage citizen participation. For this reason, the research aimed to understand the reality of citizens and the processes of citizen participation mechanisms during the national crisis. It was a qualitative study that was based on phenomenological hermeneutics and identified six community leaders who are social actors in the city of Puno. The results demonstrated that the role of the community leader as an expression of the emotions of all citizens and the importance of community organization as a means of citizen participation are crucial to advance towards the construction of a strong and popular democracy. In conclusion, it is essential to have citizen participation mechanisms in times of crisis, as they allow communities that have traditionally been neglected to be heard and given a voice.