In 2021, the expenses paid by households worldwide due to COVID-19 showed an increasing behavior and directly affected economic income since they were part of unforeseen expenses among households and became a factor that contributed to the increase in the levels of poverty mainly in households that were not part of the health system. The objective of this research was to establish the main determinants of out-of-pocket spending on health in Peruvian households in the times of the pandemic. A quantitative approach, of a nonexperimental type, with a descriptive and correlational methodological design was considered. The database of the National Household Survey of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics for 2021 was used as a source of information, applying the binomial logit econometric model. Out-of-pocket expenses during the pandemic compared to normal periods were shared by the members of the households. Since they were part of unforeseen expenses, these expenses mainly impacted the heads of the households and strongly affected household budgets. For this reason, the type of insurance, the suffering of household members from a disease, the results of tests for COVID-19, the expenditure on individual health, the existence of permanent limitations to any member of the household, the presence of an older adult in the household, and the marital status of the head of the household determined and positively influenced out-of-pocket spending in households in Peru with 36.85, 8.48, 6.50, 0.0065, 23.73, 16.79, and 2.44 percentage units. However, the existence of a drinking water service in the household, educational level, and the area of residence determined and negatively influenced out-of-pocket spending in households in Peru with 4.81, 6.75, and 19.26 percentage units, respectively. The type of insurance, the suffering of an individual from a disease, the results of COVID-19 tests, health spending, the existence of permanent limitations, the presence of an older adult in the household, and the marital status of the head of the household positively determined out-of-pocket spending in households in Peru, while the existence of a potable water service, educational level, and the area of residence determined out-of-pocket expenses in a negative or indirect way.

Objective: The objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation through a regression model for the Peruvian case, during the period 1990-2019, based on Georgescu Roegen's Bioeconomy; who explains that, in environmental terms, economic growth seems to be more of a problem than a solution. Method: The quantitative approach was considered, of a non-experimental type, with a descriptive and correlational design; where secondary source information from the World Bank database was used. Results: According to the results obtained, it is concluded that the variable with the most relationship or that best explains economic growth is energy consumption, followed by CO2 emissions; indicators of environmental degradation explain 24% of economic growth, being a model without problems of heteroscedasticity or autocorrelation; the level of individual significance in all cases is less than 5% and according to the proposed model it is necessary to; if CO2 emissions increase, PBI per capita would increase by 19% and if energy consumption increases, PIB per capita would increase by 20%. Conclusions: Finally, it was possible to contrast the hypothesis that there is a direct and significant relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation.

Introduction: The scientific production of universities plays a crucial role in the generation and dissemination of knowledge, as well as in strengthening the position of academic institutions on both national and international levels.Objective: To evaluate the scientific production in the Scopus database of a public university in southern Peru.Methods: A bibliometric and retrospective investigation was conducted. Documents indexed in the Scopus database were analyzed by evaluating the quantity of documents, authors, journals where the documents were published, types of documents, language of publication, funding, areas of knowledge to which the documents belong, and co-authorship networks.Results: A total of 763 indexed documents were identified in the Scopus database, showing a trend towards increased production in recent years. The majority of indexed documents were characterized by being original articles, published in foreign journals and in English language, and self-financed. Additionally, it was observed that more documents were published in the areas of Social Sciences and Agricultural and Biological Sciences.Conclusions: In recent years, significant growth has been observed in the scientific production in the Scopus database of a public university in southern Peru. Therefore, it is imperative to promote an institutional research culture, focused on the development of research skills, with the purpose of increasing both the quantity and quality of publications

Experiential rural tourism requires the direct involvement of the local population and tourists. The purpose of the study was to detail and examine the progress and experiences of the implementation of this type of tourism. The elements studied include communication, mutual respect, socio-economic growth, cultural authenticity, shared cultural customs, reciprocity, appreciation of cultural identity and environment; as well as the perceptions and experiences of visitors and local inhabitants. The method used was qualitative, complemented with techniques such as detailed interviews with the local population and visitors, participant observation in the performance of this activity and content study. The outcome shows the complexity of this practice, underlining the relevance of a collaborative and participatory approach that ensures fairness, mutual respect and long-term sustainability for visitors and local inhabitants. Likewise, challenges and tensions linked to power, representation, authenticity and cultural integration are recognized, with the aim of optimizing the distribution of economic benefits for a more inclusive and responsible tourism.

Las comunidades nativas y amazónicas tienen esa tendencia en considerar el embrazo y parto, como un proceso cultural e histórico de libre determinación. El presente apartado trata sobre los conocimientos tradicionales en relación al embarazo y parto, los cuales aún son revalorados y puestos en práctica en las zonas rurales, sin embargo, estos conocimientos están siendo desplazados por la modernidad. El objetivo de la investigación esta orientado en revalorar la percepción cultural del “embarazo y parto”, vinculados a las costumbres, creencias, tradición cultural, la función de las parteras y representaciones simbólicas, como una manifestación cultural milenaria; es estudio es de corte cualitativo, se utiliza el diseño etnográfico y método inductivo. En los resultados se describe las costumbres y creencias en relación al embarazo y parto asociadas a las creencias alimentarias e importancia seres sobrenaturales y deidades; así como, la tradición popular expresado en celebraciones a nivel familiar y colectivo; se desarrolla tambien la función de las parteras en el tratamiento terapéutico con plantas, minerales y animales, y en última instancia se analiza los actos rituales relacionados al embarazo y parto, como producto de una herencia cultural ancestral aún puesta en valor en las comunidades del distrito de Ayaviri-Puno.