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Industrial buildings account for very few high peaks of power demand. This situation forces them to contract a high fixed electricity term to cover it. A more intelligent use of the energy in industrial buildings, together with an improved efficiency of the transmission and distribution of the energy along the electric power grid, can be achieved by reducing the peak consumption of industrial buildings. Energy storage systems, and lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries in particular, are one of the most promising technologies for reducing this peak consumption. However, selecting a proper Li-ion battery requires a dimensioning process in terms of energy and power which is not straightforward. This paper proposes a dimensioning methodology that takes into consideration both technical and economic implications, and applies it to a case example with real industrial consumption data and a commercial battery. Results show that implementing batteries for reducing this peak consumption can lead to a cost–benefit improvement.
Jorge Nájera; Miguel Santos-Herran; Marcos Blanco; Gustavo Navarro; Jorge Torres; Marcos Lafoz. Battery Energy Storage System Dimensioning for Reducing the Fixed Term of the Electricity Access Rate in Industrial Consumptions. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 7395 .
AMA StyleJorge Nájera, Miguel Santos-Herran, Marcos Blanco, Gustavo Navarro, Jorge Torres, Marcos Lafoz. Battery Energy Storage System Dimensioning for Reducing the Fixed Term of the Electricity Access Rate in Industrial Consumptions. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (16):7395.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Nájera; Miguel Santos-Herran; Marcos Blanco; Gustavo Navarro; Jorge Torres; Marcos Lafoz. 2021. "Battery Energy Storage System Dimensioning for Reducing the Fixed Term of the Electricity Access Rate in Industrial Consumptions." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16: 7395.
Minimizing torque ripple in electrical machines for a given application is not a straightforward task, especially when the application imposes certain constraints. There are many techniques to improve torque ripple, either design-based or control-based. In this paper, a new geometry for switched reluctance machines based on rotor poles skewing is proposed to minimize torque ripple. This paper describes a methodology to design an asymmetrical skew rotor—switched reluctance machine using a multi-objective differential evolutionary algorithm. The main parameters of the optimization process are defined, as is the optimization methodology to obtain an improved design with less torque ripple than a conventional one. Moreover, the analytical formulas used in the optimization method, as well as the optimization technique, are deduced and explained in detail. The mathematical model used to simulate the electrical machine and the power converter are also described. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element analyses were also conducted to assess whether 3D effects (end-effect and axial fringing field) affected the results. Finally, a particular case of a high-voltage direct current-controlled generator in the base of the More Electric Aircraft (MEA) concept or an energy storage system as an electrical machine was analyzed, and the results for the improved configuration were compared with those for the conventional one.
Jorge Torres; Pablo Moreno-Torres; Gustavo Navarro; Marcos Blanco; Jorge Nájera; Miguel Santos-Herran; Marcos Lafoz. Asymmetrical Rotor Skewing Optimization in Switched Reluctance Machines Using Differential Evolutionary Algorithm. Energies 2021, 14, 3194 .
AMA StyleJorge Torres, Pablo Moreno-Torres, Gustavo Navarro, Marcos Blanco, Jorge Nájera, Miguel Santos-Herran, Marcos Lafoz. Asymmetrical Rotor Skewing Optimization in Switched Reluctance Machines Using Differential Evolutionary Algorithm. Energies. 2021; 14 (11):3194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Torres; Pablo Moreno-Torres; Gustavo Navarro; Marcos Blanco; Jorge Nájera; Miguel Santos-Herran; Marcos Lafoz. 2021. "Asymmetrical Rotor Skewing Optimization in Switched Reluctance Machines Using Differential Evolutionary Algorithm." Energies 14, no. 11: 3194.
Energy storage systems (ESS) are becoming essential as a solution for troublesome industrial systems. This study focuses on the application of a type of ESS, a high-power technology known in the literature as supercapacitors or electric double layer capacitors (EDLC). This technology has had a huge impact during the last decade on research related to the electric traction drives, renewable sources and powergrids. Related to this aspect, this paper summarizes the most relevant scientific publications in the last five years that study the use of supercapacitor technology (SCs) in electric traction applications (drives for rail vehicles and drives for road vehicles), generation systems for renewable energy (wind, solar and wave energy), and connection systems to the electric grid (voltage and frequency regulation and microgrids). The technology based on EDLC and the practical aspects that must be taken into account in the op-eration of these systems in industrial applications are briefly described. For each of the aforementioned applications, it is described how the problems are solved by using the energy storage technology, drawing the solutions proposed by different authors. Special attention is paid to the control strategies when combining SCs with other technologies, such as batteries. As a summary, some conclusions are collected drawn from the publications analyzed, evaluating the aspects in which it is necessary to conduct further research in order to facilitate the integration of EDLC technology.
Gustavo Navarro; Jorge Torres; Marcos Blanco; Jorge Nájera; Miguel Santos-Herran; Marcos Lafoz. Present and Future of Supercapacitor Technology Applied to Powertrains, Renewable Generation and Grid Connection Applications. Energies 2021, 14, 3060 .
AMA StyleGustavo Navarro, Jorge Torres, Marcos Blanco, Jorge Nájera, Miguel Santos-Herran, Marcos Lafoz. Present and Future of Supercapacitor Technology Applied to Powertrains, Renewable Generation and Grid Connection Applications. Energies. 2021; 14 (11):3060.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustavo Navarro; Jorge Torres; Marcos Blanco; Jorge Nájera; Miguel Santos-Herran; Marcos Lafoz. 2021. "Present and Future of Supercapacitor Technology Applied to Powertrains, Renewable Generation and Grid Connection Applications." Energies 14, no. 11: 3060.
The aim of this paper is to present a methodology for dimensioning an energy storage system (ESS) to the generation data measured in an operating wave energy generation plant connected to the electric grid in the north of Spain. The selection criterion for the ESS is the compliance of the power injected into the grid with a specific active-power ramp-rate limit. Due to its electrical characteristics, supercapacitor (SC) technology is especially suitable for this application. The ESS dimensioning methodology is based on a mathematical model, which takes into account the power generation system, the chosen ramp-rate limit, the ESS efficiency maps and electrical characteristics. It allows one to evaluate the number of storage cabinets required to satisfy the needs described, considering a compromise between the number of units, which means cost, and the reliability of the storage system to ensure the grid codes compliance. Power and energy parameters for the ESS are obtained from the calculations and some tips regarding the most efficient operation of the SC cabinets, based on a stepped switching strategy, are also given. Finally, some conclusions about the technology selection will be updated after the detailed analysis accomplished.
Gustavo Navarro; Marcos Blanco; Jorge Torres; Jorge Nájera; Álvaro Santiago; Miguel Santos-Herran; Dionisio Ramírez; Marcos Lafoz. Dimensioning Methodology of an Energy Storage System Based on Supercapacitors for Grid Code Compliance of a Wave Power Plant. Energies 2021, 14, 985 .
AMA StyleGustavo Navarro, Marcos Blanco, Jorge Torres, Jorge Nájera, Álvaro Santiago, Miguel Santos-Herran, Dionisio Ramírez, Marcos Lafoz. Dimensioning Methodology of an Energy Storage System Based on Supercapacitors for Grid Code Compliance of a Wave Power Plant. Energies. 2021; 14 (4):985.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustavo Navarro; Marcos Blanco; Jorge Torres; Jorge Nájera; Álvaro Santiago; Miguel Santos-Herran; Dionisio Ramírez; Marcos Lafoz. 2021. "Dimensioning Methodology of an Energy Storage System Based on Supercapacitors for Grid Code Compliance of a Wave Power Plant." Energies 14, no. 4: 985.
The paper introduces the Hyperloop inspired system by the company ZELEROS and provides a discussion about the alternatives for the acceleration. The ZELEROS system comprises a named propulsion system, based on an air turbine, and an acceleration system based on a linear motor. Different options have been discussed for the linear motor: induction machines, permanent magnet machines and switched reluctance machine, among some other hybrid solutions. Advantages and drawbacks are presented for all of them. For this particular application, where the length of the active side and the speed are really significant, the option of a linear switched reluctance motor results convenient both from the technical and economic points of view. A further discussion about the type of linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) preferred is also accomplished during the paper, taking into account a particular model of the machine as well as its operation conditions regarding the frequency, dimensions and operation parameters. Three options are compared during the analysis: a single-side horizontal LSRM, a N-side vertical LSRM and a cylindrical LSRM. Qualitative and quantitative (based on the model) arguments are given in favour and against each alternative. Finally, the two-sided vertical switched reluctance machine has been considered as the most adequate for the development of the Zeleros Acceleration System.
Luis García-Tabarés; Marcos Lafoz; Jorge Torres; Gustavo Soriano; Daniel Orient; Daniel Fons. Analysis of Alternatives for the Acceleration of a Hyperloop System. Communications in Computer and Information Science 2021, 259 -271.
AMA StyleLuis García-Tabarés, Marcos Lafoz, Jorge Torres, Gustavo Soriano, Daniel Orient, Daniel Fons. Analysis of Alternatives for the Acceleration of a Hyperloop System. Communications in Computer and Information Science. 2021; ():259-271.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis García-Tabarés; Marcos Lafoz; Jorge Torres; Gustavo Soriano; Daniel Orient; Daniel Fons. 2021. "Analysis of Alternatives for the Acceleration of a Hyperloop System." Communications in Computer and Information Science , no. : 259-271.
The paper analyses the alternatives for the power supply of a Hyperloop type railway transport. The particular case of the technology of the Spanish company ZELEROS was studied. Based on previous technical specifications related to both the first prototype and a commercial system, different options were analyzed. We selected the use of a linear motor driven by a single power electronic converter, a distribution scheme comprising different sections along the acceleration area of the track, and an energy storage system based on supercapacitors for the energy supply. The power/energy ratio and the cycle capability are the reasons to become a feasible and competitive solution. A preliminary design methodology for the energy storage requirements is presented in the paper. Once the type of linear motor was selected, the power supply scheme was presented, based on a motor-side power electronic converter and a DC/DC converter which connects to the energy storage devices. An additional low power grid-tie converter for the recharge of the energy storage system was also used. Different track sections were defined, connected to the power electronic converter through corresponding switches, being supplied sequentially when the capsule presence is detected along the track. The particular characteristics of this application, with relatively short traction track area, as well as the high energy recuperation ratio due to the low losses, make more suitable the use of energy storage systems as the source of power supply than the direct connection to the grid.
Marcos Lafoz; Gustavo Navarro; Jorge Torres; Álvaro Santiago; Jorge Nájera; Miguel Santos-Herran; Marcos Blanco. Power Supply Solution for Ultrahigh Speed Hyperloop Trains. Smart Cities 2020, 3, 642 -656.
AMA StyleMarcos Lafoz, Gustavo Navarro, Jorge Torres, Álvaro Santiago, Jorge Nájera, Miguel Santos-Herran, Marcos Blanco. Power Supply Solution for Ultrahigh Speed Hyperloop Trains. Smart Cities. 2020; 3 (3):642-656.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcos Lafoz; Gustavo Navarro; Jorge Torres; Álvaro Santiago; Jorge Nájera; Miguel Santos-Herran; Marcos Blanco. 2020. "Power Supply Solution for Ultrahigh Speed Hyperloop Trains." Smart Cities 3, no. 3: 642-656.
This paper aims at presenting and describing a dimensioning methodology for energy storage systems (ESS), in particular for one based on flywheels, applied for the specific application of reducing power oscillation in a wave energy conversion (WEC) plant. The dimensioning methodology takes into account the efficiency maps of the storage technology as well as the effect of the filtering control techniques. The methodology is applied to the case study of a WEC plant in operation in Spain, using real power generation profiles delivered into the electric grid. The paper firstly describes the calculation procedure of the efficiency maps for the particular technology of flywheels, although it could be extended to other storage technologies. Then, the influence of using future data values in the dimensioning process and the control of the ESS operation is analysed in depth. A moving average filter (MAF) is defined to compensate for power oscillations, studying the difference between considering prediction and not doing so. It is concluded that a filtering control using future values based on a number of samples equivalent to a 4-min time order provides an important reduction in the energy storage requirements for a power generation plant. Finally, and based on the selection of storage modules previously defined, the efficiency maps, and the MAF used for delivering the power into the grid, an optimal operation strategy is suggested for the storage modules, based on a stepped switching technique. The selection of four flywheel energy storage system (FESS) modules achieves a reduction of 50% in power oscillations, covering 85% of the frequency excursions at the grid.
Jorge Torres; Marcos Blanco; Marcos Lafoz; Gustavo Navarro; Jorge Nájera; Miguel Santos-Herran. Dimensioning Methodology of Energy Storage Systems for Power Smoothing in a Wave Energy Conversion Plant Considering Efficiency Maps and Filtering Control Techniques. Energies 2020, 13, 3380 .
AMA StyleJorge Torres, Marcos Blanco, Marcos Lafoz, Gustavo Navarro, Jorge Nájera, Miguel Santos-Herran. Dimensioning Methodology of Energy Storage Systems for Power Smoothing in a Wave Energy Conversion Plant Considering Efficiency Maps and Filtering Control Techniques. Energies. 2020; 13 (13):3380.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Torres; Marcos Blanco; Marcos Lafoz; Gustavo Navarro; Jorge Nájera; Miguel Santos-Herran. 2020. "Dimensioning Methodology of Energy Storage Systems for Power Smoothing in a Wave Energy Conversion Plant Considering Efficiency Maps and Filtering Control Techniques." Energies 13, no. 13: 3380.
Supercapacitors, one of the most promising energy storage technologies for high power density industrial applications, exchange the energy mostly through power electronic converters, operating under high frequency components due to the commutation. The high frequency produces important effects on the performance of the supercapacitors in relation to their capacitance, inductance and internal resistance (ESR). These parameters are fundamental to evaluate the efficiency of this energy storage system. The aim of the paper is to obtain an accurate model of two supercapacitors connected in series (functional and extrapolated unit) to represent the frequency effects for a wide range of frequencies. The methodology is based on the definition of an appropriate equivalent electric circuit with voltage dependance, obtaining their parameters from experimental tests, carried out by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the use of specific software tools such as EC-Lab® and Statgraphics Centurion®. The paper concludes with a model which reproduces with accuracy both the frequency response of the model BCAP3000 supercapacitors, provided by the manufacturer, and the experimental results obtained by the authors.
Gustavo Navarro; Jorge Nájera; Jorge Torres; Marcos Blanco; Miguel Santos; Marcos Lafoz. Development and Experimental Validation of a Supercapacitor Frequency Domain Model for Industrial Energy Applications Considering Dynamic Behaviour at High Frequencies. Energies 2020, 13, 1156 .
AMA StyleGustavo Navarro, Jorge Nájera, Jorge Torres, Marcos Blanco, Miguel Santos, Marcos Lafoz. Development and Experimental Validation of a Supercapacitor Frequency Domain Model for Industrial Energy Applications Considering Dynamic Behaviour at High Frequencies. Energies. 2020; 13 (5):1156.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustavo Navarro; Jorge Nájera; Jorge Torres; Marcos Blanco; Miguel Santos; Marcos Lafoz. 2020. "Development and Experimental Validation of a Supercapacitor Frequency Domain Model for Industrial Energy Applications Considering Dynamic Behaviour at High Frequencies." Energies 13, no. 5: 1156.
The paper analyses the alternatives for the power supply of a Hyperloop type railway transport. The particular case of the technology of the Spanish company ZELEROS is studied. Specifications related to both a first prototype and a commercial system are presented and the power supply requirements analysed. After considering different alternatives, energy storage based on supercapacitors is obtained as a feasible and competitive solution for the power supply of this application due to the power/energy ratio and the cycles capability. A preliminary design methodology for the energy storage requirements is presented in the paper. Once selected the type of linear motor, the power supply scheme is presented, based on a motor-side power electronic converter and a DC/DC converter which connects to the energy storage devices. An additional low power grid-tie converter for the recharge of the energy storage system is also used. Different track sections are defined, connected to the power electronic converter through corresponding switches, being supplied sequentially when the capsule presence is detected along the track. The number of track sections depends on the limitations of voltage and current, defined by the power electronic converter selected and particular issues like current density selection and the evaluation of skin effect are very important for this application.
Marcos Lafoz; Gustavo Navarro; Marcos Blanco; Jorge Torres. Energy Storage Systems for Power Supply of Ultrahigh Speed Hyperloop Trains. Communications in Computer and Information Science 2020, 244 -255.
AMA StyleMarcos Lafoz, Gustavo Navarro, Marcos Blanco, Jorge Torres. Energy Storage Systems for Power Supply of Ultrahigh Speed Hyperloop Trains. Communications in Computer and Information Science. 2020; ():244-255.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcos Lafoz; Gustavo Navarro; Marcos Blanco; Jorge Torres. 2020. "Energy Storage Systems for Power Supply of Ultrahigh Speed Hyperloop Trains." Communications in Computer and Information Science , no. : 244-255.
One of the key parameters to properly and accurately assess an energy storage system is the energy efficiency, which has a direct impact in the system performance and an indirect impact in its cost. In this paper, a methodology for comparing Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC) and Kinetic Energy Storage Systems (KESS) in terms of energy efficiency is proposed. This methodology, based in accurate loss models, takes real operating cycles into account, so a realistic result is obtained for each particular case. An accurate study of the losses of both technologies is accomplished during the paper, getting a complete model for EDLCs and KESSs, and obtaining Efficiency Maps for the whole range of operation points. Some conclusions about the convenience to use one or the other alternative and the best way to operate them are presented. In addition, a specific study case related to a wave energy power generation plant has been carried out in the paper, defining a methodology to select the energy storage requirements, calculating the round-trip efficiency and getting some recommendations related to the most appropriate operation strategy to take the most advantage of the energy storage system.
Jorge Torres; Pablo Moreno-Torres; Gustavo Navarro; Marcos Blanco; Marcos Lafoz. Fast Energy Storage Systems Comparison in Terms of Energy Efficiency for a Specific Application. IEEE Access 2018, 6, 40656 -40672.
AMA StyleJorge Torres, Pablo Moreno-Torres, Gustavo Navarro, Marcos Blanco, Marcos Lafoz. Fast Energy Storage Systems Comparison in Terms of Energy Efficiency for a Specific Application. IEEE Access. 2018; 6 (99):40656-40672.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Torres; Pablo Moreno-Torres; Gustavo Navarro; Marcos Blanco; Marcos Lafoz. 2018. "Fast Energy Storage Systems Comparison in Terms of Energy Efficiency for a Specific Application." IEEE Access 6, no. 99: 40656-40672.
This paper focuses on Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS), consisting of a combination of batteries and Electric Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC), for electric urban busses. The aim of the paper is to develop a methodology to determine the hybridization percentage that allows the electric bus to work with the highest efficiency while reducing battery aging, depending on the chosen topology, control strategy, and driving cycle. Three power electronic topologies are qualitatively analyzed based on different criteria, with the topology selected as the favorite being analyzed in detail. The whole system under study is comprised of the following elements: a battery pack (LiFePO4 batteries), an EDLC pack, up to two DC-DC converters (depending on the topology), and an equivalent load, which behaves as an electric bus drive (including motion resistances and inertia). Mathematical models for the battery, EDLCs, DC-DC converter, and the vehicle itself are developed for this analysis. The methodology presented in this work, as the main scientific contribution, considers performance variation (energy efficiency and battery aging) and hybridization percentage (ratio between batteries and EDLCs, defined in terms of mass), using a power load profile based on standard driving cycles. The results state that there is a hybridization percentage that increases energy efficiency and reduces battery aging, maximizing the economic benefits of the vehicle, for every combination of topology, type of storage device, control strategy, and driving cycle.
Jorge Nájera; Pablo Moreno-Torres; Marcos Lafoz; Rosa M. De Castro; Jaime R. Arribas. Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery Aging. Energies 2017, 10, 1708 .
AMA StyleJorge Nájera, Pablo Moreno-Torres, Marcos Lafoz, Rosa M. De Castro, Jaime R. Arribas. Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery Aging. Energies. 2017; 10 (11):1708.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Nájera; Pablo Moreno-Torres; Marcos Lafoz; Rosa M. De Castro; Jaime R. Arribas. 2017. "Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery Aging." Energies 10, no. 11: 1708.
Pablo Moreno‐Torres; Marcos Lafoz; Marcos Blanco; Jaime R. Arribas. Passenger Exposure to Magnetic Fields in Electric Vehicles. Modeling and Simulation for Electric Vehicle Applications 2016, 1 .
AMA StylePablo Moreno‐Torres, Marcos Lafoz, Marcos Blanco, Jaime R. Arribas. Passenger Exposure to Magnetic Fields in Electric Vehicles. Modeling and Simulation for Electric Vehicle Applications. 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePablo Moreno‐Torres; Marcos Lafoz; Marcos Blanco; Jaime R. Arribas. 2016. "Passenger Exposure to Magnetic Fields in Electric Vehicles." Modeling and Simulation for Electric Vehicle Applications , no. : 1.
Pablo Moreno-Torres; Marcos Lafoz; Marcos Blanco; Gustavo Navarro; Jorge Torres; Luis García-Tabarés. Switched Reluctance Drives with Degraded Mode for Electric Vehicles. Modeling and Simulation for Electric Vehicle Applications 2016, 1 .
AMA StylePablo Moreno-Torres, Marcos Lafoz, Marcos Blanco, Gustavo Navarro, Jorge Torres, Luis García-Tabarés. Switched Reluctance Drives with Degraded Mode for Electric Vehicles. Modeling and Simulation for Electric Vehicle Applications. 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePablo Moreno-Torres; Marcos Lafoz; Marcos Blanco; Gustavo Navarro; Jorge Torres; Luis García-Tabarés. 2016. "Switched Reluctance Drives with Degraded Mode for Electric Vehicles." Modeling and Simulation for Electric Vehicle Applications , no. : 1.
One of the big issues ocean-wave energy faces nowadays is the oscillation of the generated power. Among others, energy storage is a solution that has been widely proposed and validated for an adequate grid or isolated load integration. However, the unpredictability of ocean waves may pose a challenge when specifying the energy storage system (ESS) technology and specifications, especially in the case of stand-alone operation. This study presents a suitable methodology for the design of a certain wave energy converter (WEC) and the calculation of a certain stochastic model of the latter necessary for the subsequent sizing of the ESS. As a result, the storage system is defined in terms of energy, power and type of technology for the specific WEC and chosen location. The problem is accomplished in this study describing systematically the method and solving a particular example of the design of a wave converter in the Gulf of Mexico.
Marcos Lafoz; Marcos Blanco; Lucia Beloqui; Gustavo Navarro; Pablo Moreno‐Torres. Dimensioning methodology for energy storage devices and wave energy converters supplying isolated loads. IET Renewable Power Generation 2016, 10, 1468 -1476.
AMA StyleMarcos Lafoz, Marcos Blanco, Lucia Beloqui, Gustavo Navarro, Pablo Moreno‐Torres. Dimensioning methodology for energy storage devices and wave energy converters supplying isolated loads. IET Renewable Power Generation. 2016; 10 (10):1468-1476.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcos Lafoz; Marcos Blanco; Lucia Beloqui; Gustavo Navarro; Pablo Moreno‐Torres. 2016. "Dimensioning methodology for energy storage devices and wave energy converters supplying isolated loads." IET Renewable Power Generation 10, no. 10: 1468-1476.
In electric vehicles, passengers sit very close to an electric system of significant power. The high currents achieved in these vehicles mean that the passengers could be exposed to significant magnetic fields (MFs). One of the electric devices present in the power train are the batteries. In this paper, a methodology to evaluate the MF created by these batteries is presented. First, the MF generated by a single battery is analyzed using finite-elements simulations. Results are compared with laboratory measurements, which are taken from a real battery, to validate the model. After this, the MF created by a complete battery pack is estimated, and results are discussed.
Pablo Moreno-Torres Concha; Pablo Velez; Marcos Lafoz; Jaime R. Arribas; Pablo Moreno-Torres. Passenger Exposure to Magnetic Fields due to the Batteries of an Electric Vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2015, 65, 4564 -4571.
AMA StylePablo Moreno-Torres Concha, Pablo Velez, Marcos Lafoz, Jaime R. Arribas, Pablo Moreno-Torres. Passenger Exposure to Magnetic Fields due to the Batteries of an Electric Vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2015; 65 (6):4564-4571.
Chicago/Turabian StylePablo Moreno-Torres Concha; Pablo Velez; Marcos Lafoz; Jaime R. Arribas; Pablo Moreno-Torres. 2015. "Passenger Exposure to Magnetic Fields due to the Batteries of an Electric Vehicle." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 65, no. 6: 4564-4571.
Wave energy conversion has an essential difference from other renewable energies since the dependence between the devices design and the energy resource is stronger. Dimensioning is therefore considered a key stage when a design project of Wave Energy Converters (WEC) is undertaken. Location, WEC concept, Power Take-Off (PTO) type, control strategy and hydrodynamic resonance considerations are some of the critical aspects to take into account to achieve a good performance. The paper proposes an automatic dimensioning methodology to be accomplished at the initial design project stages and the following elements are described to carry out the study: an optimization design algorithm, its objective functions and restrictions, a PTO model, as well as a procedure to evaluate the WEC energy production. After that, a parametric analysis is included considering different combinations of the key parameters previously introduced. A variety of study cases are analysed from the point of view of energy production for different design-parameters and all of them are compared with a reference case. Finally, a discussion is presented based on the results obtained, and some recommendations to face the WEC design stage are given.
Marcos Blanco; Pablo Moreno-Torres; Marcos Lafoz; Dionisio Ramirez. Design Parameters Analysis of Point Absorber WEC via an evolutionary-algorithm-based Dimensioning Tool. Energies 2015, 8, 11203 -11233.
AMA StyleMarcos Blanco, Pablo Moreno-Torres, Marcos Lafoz, Dionisio Ramirez. Design Parameters Analysis of Point Absorber WEC via an evolutionary-algorithm-based Dimensioning Tool. Energies. 2015; 8 (10):11203-11233.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcos Blanco; Pablo Moreno-Torres; Marcos Lafoz; Dionisio Ramirez. 2015. "Design Parameters Analysis of Point Absorber WEC via an evolutionary-algorithm-based Dimensioning Tool." Energies 8, no. 10: 11203-11233.
Electric vehicles constitute a multidisciplinary subject that involves disciplines such as automotive, mechanical, electrical and control engineering. Due to this multidisciplinary technical nature, practical teaching methodologies are of special relevance. Paradoxically, in the past, the training of engineers specializing in this area has lacked the practical component represented by field tests, due to the difficulty of accessing real systems. This paper presents an educational project specifically designed for the teaching and training of engineering students with different backgrounds and experience. The teaching methodology focuses on the topology of electric traction drives and their control. It includes two stages, a simulation computer model and a scaled laboratory workbench that comprises a traction electrical drive coupled to a vehicle emulator. With this equipment, the effectiveness of different traction control strategies can be analyzed from the point of view of energy efficiency, robustness, easiness of implementation and acoustic noise.
Pablo Moreno-Torres; Marcos Blanco; Marcos Lafoz; Jaime R. Arribas. Educational Project for the Teaching of Control of Electric Traction Drives. Energies 2015, 8, 921 -938.
AMA StylePablo Moreno-Torres, Marcos Blanco, Marcos Lafoz, Jaime R. Arribas. Educational Project for the Teaching of Control of Electric Traction Drives. Energies. 2015; 8 (2):921-938.
Chicago/Turabian StylePablo Moreno-Torres; Marcos Blanco; Marcos Lafoz; Jaime R. Arribas. 2015. "Educational Project for the Teaching of Control of Electric Traction Drives." Energies 8, no. 2: 921-938.
The decision to select the most suitable type of energy storage system for an electric vehicle is always difficult, since many conditionings must be taken into account. Sometimes, this study can be made by means of complex mathematical models which represent the behavior of a battery, ultracapacitor or some other devices. However, these models are usually too dependent on parameters that are not easily available, which usually results in nonrealistic results. Besides, the more accurate the model, the more specific it needs to be, which becomes an issue when comparing systems of different nature. This paper proposes a practical methodology to compare different energy storage technologies. This is done by means of a linear approach of an equivalent circuit based on laboratory tests. Via these tests, the internal resistance and the self-discharge rate are evaluated, making it possible to compare different energy storage systems regardless their technology. Rather simple testing equipment is sufficient to give a comparative idea of the differences between each system, concerning issues such as efficiency, heating and self-discharge, when operating under a certain scenario. The proposed methodology is applied to four energy storage systems of different nature for the sake of illustration.
P. Concha; M. Lafoz; P. Vélez; J. R. Arribas. Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles: Performance Comparison based on a Simple Equivalent Circuit and Experimental Tests. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2013, 6, 592 -602.
AMA StyleP. Concha, M. Lafoz, P. Vélez, J. R. Arribas. Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles: Performance Comparison based on a Simple Equivalent Circuit and Experimental Tests. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2013; 6 (3):592-602.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. Concha; M. Lafoz; P. Vélez; J. R. Arribas. 2013. "Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles: Performance Comparison based on a Simple Equivalent Circuit and Experimental Tests." World Electric Vehicle Journal 6, no. 3: 592-602.
In hybrid and electric vehicles, passengers sit very close to an electric system of significant power, which means that they may be subjected to high electromagnetic fields. The hazards of long-term exposure to these fields must be taken into account when designing electric vehicles and their components. Among all the electric devices present in the power train, the electronic converter is the most difficult to analyze, given that it works with different frequencies. In this paper, a methodology to evaluate the magnetic field created by a power electronics converter is proposed. After a brief overview of the recommendations of electromagnetic fields exposure, the magnetic field produced by an inverter is analyzed using finite element techniques. The results obtained are compared to laboratory measurements, taken from a real inverter, in order to validate the model. Finally, results are used to draw some conclusions regarding vehicle design criteria and magnetic shielding efficiency.
Pablo Concha Moreno-Torres; Jerome Lourd; Marcos Lafoz; Jaime R. Arribas. Evaluation of the Magnetic Field Generated by the Inverter of an Electric Vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 2012, 49, 837 -844.
AMA StylePablo Concha Moreno-Torres, Jerome Lourd, Marcos Lafoz, Jaime R. Arribas. Evaluation of the Magnetic Field Generated by the Inverter of an Electric Vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2012; 49 (2):837-844.
Chicago/Turabian StylePablo Concha Moreno-Torres; Jerome Lourd; Marcos Lafoz; Jaime R. Arribas. 2012. "Evaluation of the Magnetic Field Generated by the Inverter of an Electric Vehicle." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 49, no. 2: 837-844.
The paper analyses the performance of a wave energy converter (WEC) employing a direct-drive linear switched-reluctance machine, providing a detailed method for optimal dimensioning of a WEC. The method derives the dimensions of a particular point absorber to reach objectives such as the maximization of energy extracted, or the minimization of volume. The characteristics of a particular location, the chosen power take-off (PTO) and the control strategy chosen define the restrictions of an optimization problem whose solutions are the dimensions of the most suitable WEC. The given generator parameters (maximum stroke, velocity and force) determine an optimal WEC design. Laboratory testing of the generator will validate the force and calculate efficiency, to be used as inputs for the optimization process. Aside from the preliminary WEC dimensions design, this method can be used for an energetic analysis of a particular PTO on various locations.
Marcos Blanco; Marcos Lafoz; Gustavo Navarro. Wave energy converter dimensioning constrained by location, power take-off and control strategy. 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics 2012, 1 .
AMA StyleMarcos Blanco, Marcos Lafoz, Gustavo Navarro. Wave energy converter dimensioning constrained by location, power take-off and control strategy. 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics. 2012; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcos Blanco; Marcos Lafoz; Gustavo Navarro. 2012. "Wave energy converter dimensioning constrained by location, power take-off and control strategy." 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics , no. : 1.