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Maarten Messagie
Flanders Make, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium

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Review
Published: 03 February 2021 in World Electric Vehicle Journal
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Today, there are many recent developments that focus on improving the electric vehicles and their components, particularly regarding advances in batteries, energy management systems, autonomous features and charging infrastructure. This plays an important role in developing next electric vehicle generations, and encourages more efficient and sustainable eco-system. This paper not only provides insights in the latest knowledge and developments of electric vehicles (EVs), but also the new promising and novel EV technologies based on scientific facts and figures—which could be from a technological point of view feasible by 2030. In this paper, potential design and modelling tools, such as digital twin with connected Internet-of-Things (IoT), are addressed. Furthermore, the potential technological challenges and research gaps in all EV aspects from hard-core battery material sciences, power electronics and powertrain engineering up to environmental assessments and market considerations are addressed. The paper is based on the knowledge of the 140+ FTE counting multidisciplinary research centre MOBI-VUB, that has a 40-year track record in the field of electric vehicles and e-mobility.

ACS Style

Joeri Van Mierlo; Maitane Berecibar; Mohamed El Baghdadi; Cedric De Cauwer; Maarten Messagie; Thierry Coosemans; Valéry Jacobs; Omar Hegazy. Beyond the State of the Art of Electric Vehicles: A Fact-Based Paper of the Current and Prospective Electric Vehicle Technologies. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2021, 12, 20 .

AMA Style

Joeri Van Mierlo, Maitane Berecibar, Mohamed El Baghdadi, Cedric De Cauwer, Maarten Messagie, Thierry Coosemans, Valéry Jacobs, Omar Hegazy. Beyond the State of the Art of Electric Vehicles: A Fact-Based Paper of the Current and Prospective Electric Vehicle Technologies. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2021; 12 (1):20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joeri Van Mierlo; Maitane Berecibar; Mohamed El Baghdadi; Cedric De Cauwer; Maarten Messagie; Thierry Coosemans; Valéry Jacobs; Omar Hegazy. 2021. "Beyond the State of the Art of Electric Vehicles: A Fact-Based Paper of the Current and Prospective Electric Vehicle Technologies." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 1: 20.

Review
Published: 15 December 2020 in Sustainability
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Renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar are frequently hit by fluctuations due to, for example, insufficient wind or sunshine. Energy storage technologies (ESTs) mitigate the problem by storing excess energy generated and then making it accessible on demand. While there are various EST studies, the literature remains isolated and dated. The comparison of the characteristics of ESTs and their potential applications is also short. This paper fills this gap. Using selected criteria, it identifies key ESTs and provides an updated review of the literature on ESTs and their application potential to the renewable energy sector. The critical review shows a high potential application for Li-ion batteries and most fit to mitigate the fluctuation of RESs in utility grid integration sector. However, for Li-ion batteries to be fully adopted in the RESs utility grid integration, their cost needs to be reduced.

ACS Style

Henok Behabtu; Maarten Messagie; Thierry Coosemans; Maitane Berecibar; Kinde Anlay Fante; Abraham Kebede; Joeri Mierlo. A Review of Energy Storage Technologies’ Application Potentials in Renewable Energy Sources Grid Integration. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10511 .

AMA Style

Henok Behabtu, Maarten Messagie, Thierry Coosemans, Maitane Berecibar, Kinde Anlay Fante, Abraham Kebede, Joeri Mierlo. A Review of Energy Storage Technologies’ Application Potentials in Renewable Energy Sources Grid Integration. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10511.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Henok Behabtu; Maarten Messagie; Thierry Coosemans; Maitane Berecibar; Kinde Anlay Fante; Abraham Kebede; Joeri Mierlo. 2020. "A Review of Energy Storage Technologies’ Application Potentials in Renewable Energy Sources Grid Integration." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10511.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2020 in Sustainability
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The system under consideration in this paper consists of a photovoltaic (PV) array, described as having a 10 kWp capacity, battery storage, and connection to the grid via a university grid network. It is stated that the system meets a local load of 4–5 kVA. The system is in Ethiopia, and the authors give details of the location and solar resource to provide information to assess its performance. However, the performance assessment will be specific to the details of the installation and the operational rules, including the variable nature of the load profile, charging and discharging the battery storage, and importing from and exporting to the university grid. The nearby load is mostly supplied from PV and grid sources, and hence the battery installed is found to be idle, showing that the PV together with storage battery system was not utilized in an efficient and optimized way. This in turn resulted in inefficient utilization of sources, increased dependency of the load on the grid, and hence unnecessary operational expenses. Therefore, to alleviate these problems, this paper proposes a means for techno-economic optimization and performance analysis of an existing photovoltaic grid-connected system (PVGCS) by using collected data from a plant data logger for one year (2018) with a model-based Matlab/Simulink simulation and a hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) software. According to the simulation result, the PVGCS with 5 kWp PV array optimized system was recommended, which provides a net present cost (NPC) of 5770 (€/kWh), and a cost of energy (COE) of 0.087 (€/kWh) compared to an existing 10 kWp PV system, which results in a NPC value of 6047 (€/kWh) and COE of 0.098 (€/kWh). Therefore, the resulting 5 kWp PV system connected with a storage battery was found to be more efficient and techno-economically viable as compared to the existing 10 kWp PVGCS plant.

ACS Style

Abraham Kebede; Maitane Berecibar; Thierry Coosemans; Maarten Messagie; Towfik Jemal; Henok Behabtu; Joeri Van Mierlo. A Techno-Economic Optimization and Performance Assessment of a 10 kWP Photovoltaic Grid-Connected System. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7648 .

AMA Style

Abraham Kebede, Maitane Berecibar, Thierry Coosemans, Maarten Messagie, Towfik Jemal, Henok Behabtu, Joeri Van Mierlo. A Techno-Economic Optimization and Performance Assessment of a 10 kWP Photovoltaic Grid-Connected System. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7648.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abraham Kebede; Maitane Berecibar; Thierry Coosemans; Maarten Messagie; Towfik Jemal; Henok Behabtu; Joeri Van Mierlo. 2020. "A Techno-Economic Optimization and Performance Assessment of a 10 kWP Photovoltaic Grid-Connected System." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7648.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2019 in Batteries
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Lithium-ion battery packs inside electric vehicles represents a high share of the final price. Nevertheless, with technology advances and the growth of the market, the price of the battery is getting more competitive. The greenhouse gas emissions and the battery cost have been studied previously, but coherent boundaries between environmental and economic assessments are needed to assess the eco-efficiency of batteries. In this research, a detailed study is presented, providing an environmental and economic assessment of the manufacturing of one specific lithium-ion battery chemistry. The relevance of parameters is pointed out, including the manufacturing place, the production volume, the commodity prices, and the energy density. The inventory is obtained by dismantling commercial cells. The correlation between the battery cost and the commodity price is much lower than the correlation between the battery cost and the production volume. The developed life cycle assessment concludes that the electricity mix that is used to power the battery factory is a key parameter for the impact of the battery manufacturing on climate change. To improve the battery manufacturing eco-efficiency, a high production capacity and an electricity mix with low carbon intensity are suggested. Optimizing the process by reducing the electricity consumption during the manufacturing is also suggested, and combined with higher pack energy density, the impact on climate change of the pack manufacturing is as low as 39.5 kg CO2 eq/kWh.

ACS Style

Maeva Philippot; Garbiñe Alvarez; Elixabete Ayerbe; Joeri Van Mierlo; Maarten Messagie. Eco-Efficiency of a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles: Influence of Manufacturing Country and Commodity Prices on GHG Emissions and Costs. Batteries 2019, 5, 23 .

AMA Style

Maeva Philippot, Garbiñe Alvarez, Elixabete Ayerbe, Joeri Van Mierlo, Maarten Messagie. Eco-Efficiency of a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles: Influence of Manufacturing Country and Commodity Prices on GHG Emissions and Costs. Batteries. 2019; 5 (1):23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maeva Philippot; Garbiñe Alvarez; Elixabete Ayerbe; Joeri Van Mierlo; Maarten Messagie. 2019. "Eco-Efficiency of a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles: Influence of Manufacturing Country and Commodity Prices on GHG Emissions and Costs." Batteries 5, no. 1: 23.

Review
Published: 16 August 2018 in Applied Sciences
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: Life Cycle assessments (LCAs) on electric mobility are providing a plethora of diverging results. 44 articles, published from 2008 to 2018 have been investigated in this review, in order to find the extent and the reason behind this deviation. The first hurdle can be found in the goal definition, followed by the modelling choice, as both are generally incomplete and inconsistent. These gaps influence the choices made in the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) stage, particularly in regards to the selection of the electricity mix. A statistical regression is made with results available in the literature. It emerges that, despite the wide-ranging scopes and the numerous variables present in the assessments, the electricity mix’s carbon intensity can explain 70% of the variability of the results. This encourages a shared framework to drive practitioners in the execution of the assessment and policy makers in the interpretation of the results.

ACS Style

Benedetta Marmiroli; Maarten Messagie; Giovanni Dotelli; Joeri Van Mierlo. Electricity Generation in LCA of Electric Vehicles: A Review. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 1384 .

AMA Style

Benedetta Marmiroli, Maarten Messagie, Giovanni Dotelli, Joeri Van Mierlo. Electricity Generation in LCA of Electric Vehicles: A Review. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8 (8):1384.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benedetta Marmiroli; Maarten Messagie; Giovanni Dotelli; Joeri Van Mierlo. 2018. "Electricity Generation in LCA of Electric Vehicles: A Review." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8: 1384.

Journal article
Published: 18 July 2018 in World Electric Vehicle Journal
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The Sustainability Assessment of Second Life Applications of Automotive Batteries (SASLAB) exploratory research project of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) aims at developing and applying a methodology to analyse the sustainability of deploying electrified vehicles (xEV) batteries in second use applications. A mapping of industrial demonstration and publicly-funded research projects in the area is presented, followed by an experimental assessment of the capacity and impedance change of lithium-ion cells during calendar and cycle ageing. Fresh cells and cells aged in the laboratory, as well as under real-world driving conditions, have been characterised to understand their application-specific remaining lifetime, beyond the 70% to 80% end-of-first-use criterion. For this purpose, pre-aged cells were examined under duty-cycles that resemble those of second use grid-scale applications.

ACS Style

Andreas Podias; Andreas Pfrang; Franco Di Persio; Akos Kriston; Silvia Bobba; Fabrice Mathieux; Maarten Messagie; Lois Boon-Brett. Sustainability Assessment of Second Use Applications of Automotive Batteries: Ageing of Li-Ion Battery Cells in Automotive and Grid-Scale Applications. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2018, 9, 24 .

AMA Style

Andreas Podias, Andreas Pfrang, Franco Di Persio, Akos Kriston, Silvia Bobba, Fabrice Mathieux, Maarten Messagie, Lois Boon-Brett. Sustainability Assessment of Second Use Applications of Automotive Batteries: Ageing of Li-Ion Battery Cells in Automotive and Grid-Scale Applications. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2018; 9 (2):24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Podias; Andreas Pfrang; Franco Di Persio; Akos Kriston; Silvia Bobba; Fabrice Mathieux; Maarten Messagie; Lois Boon-Brett. 2018. "Sustainability Assessment of Second Use Applications of Automotive Batteries: Ageing of Li-Ion Battery Cells in Automotive and Grid-Scale Applications." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 2: 24.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2018 in Applied Sciences
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Purpose: In the light of decarbonizing the passenger car sector, several technologies are available today. In this paper, we distinguish plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), electric vehicles (EV) with a modest battery capacity of 40 kWh, and long-range EVs with 90 kWh installed. Given that the average motorist only rarely performs long-distance trips, both the PHEV and the 90 kWh EV are considered to be over-dimensioned for their purpose, although consumers tend to perceive the 40 kWh EV’s range as too limiting. Therefore, in-life range modularity by means of occasionally using a range-extender trailer for a 40 kWh EV is proposed, based on either a petrol generator as a short-term solution or a 50 kWh battery pack. Method: A life cycle assessment (LCA) is presented for comparing the different powertrains for their environmental impact, with the emphasis on local air quality and climate change. Therefore, the combination of a 40 kWh EV and the trailer options is benchmarked with a range of conventional cars and EVs, differentiated per battery capacity. Next, the local impact per technology is discussed on a well-to-wheel base for the specific situation in Belgium, with specific attention given to the contribution of non-exhaust emissions of PM due to brake, tyre, and road wear. Results: From a life cycle point of view, the trailer concepts outperform the 90 kWh EV for the discussed midpoint indicators as the latter is characterized by a high manufacturing impact and by a mass penalty resulting in higher contributions to non-exhaust PM formation. Compared to a petrol PHEV, both trailers are found to have higher contributions to diminished local air quality, given the relatively low use phase impact of petrol combustion. Concerning human toxicity, the impact is proportional to battery size, although the battery trailer performs better than the 90 kWh EV due to its occasional application rather than carrying along such high capacity all the time. For climate change, we see a clear advantage of both the petrol and the battery trailer, with reductions ranging from one-third to nearly sixty percent, respectively. Conclusion: Whereas electrified powertrains have the potential to add to better urban air quality, their life cycle impact cannot be neglected as battery manufacturing remains a substantial contributor to the EV’s overall impact. Therefore, in-life range modularity helps to reduce this burden by offering an extended range only when it is needed. This is relevant to bridge the years up until cleaner battery chemistries break through, while the energy production sector increases the implementation of renewables. Petrol generator trailers are no long-term solution but should be seen as an intermediate means until battery technology costs have further dropped to make it economically feasible to commercialize battery trailer range-extenders. Next, active regulation is required for non-exhaust PM emissions as they could dominate locally...

ACS Style

Nils Hooftman; Maarten Messagie; Frédéric Joint; Jean-Baptiste Segard; Thierry Coosemans. In-Life Range Modularity for Electric Vehicles: The Environmental Impact of a Range-Extender Trailer System. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 1016 .

AMA Style

Nils Hooftman, Maarten Messagie, Frédéric Joint, Jean-Baptiste Segard, Thierry Coosemans. In-Life Range Modularity for Electric Vehicles: The Environmental Impact of a Range-Extender Trailer System. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8 (7):1016.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nils Hooftman; Maarten Messagie; Frédéric Joint; Jean-Baptiste Segard; Thierry Coosemans. 2018. "In-Life Range Modularity for Electric Vehicles: The Environmental Impact of a Range-Extender Trailer System." Applied Sciences 8, no. 7: 1016.

Article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Energies
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The negative impact of the automotive industry on climate change can be tackled by changing from fossil driven vehicles towards battery electric vehicles with no tailpipe emissions. However their adoption mainly depends on the willingness to pay for the extra cost of the traction battery. The goal of this paper is to predict the cost of a battery pack in 2030 when considering two aspects: firstly a decade of research will ensure an improvement in material sciences altering a battery’s chemical composition. Secondly by considering the price erosion due to the production cost optimization, by maturing of the market and by evolving towards to a mass-manufacturing situation. The cost of a lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) battery (Cathode: NMC 6:2:2 ; Anode: graphite) as well as silicon based lithium-ion battery (Cathode: NMC 6:2:2 ; Anode: silicon alloy), expected to be on the market in 10 years, will be predicted to tackle the first aspect. The second aspect will be considered by combining process-based cost calculations with learning curves, which takes the increasing battery market into account. The 100 dollar/kWh sales barrier will be reached respectively between 2020-2025 for silicon based lithium-ion batteries and 2025–2030 for NMC batteries, which will give a boost to global electric vehicle adoption.

ACS Style

Gert Berckmans; Maarten Messagie; Jelle Smekens; Noshin Omar; Lieselot Vanhaverbeke; Joeri Van Mierlo. Cost Projection of State of the Art Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Up to 2030. Energies 2017, 10, 1314 .

AMA Style

Gert Berckmans, Maarten Messagie, Jelle Smekens, Noshin Omar, Lieselot Vanhaverbeke, Joeri Van Mierlo. Cost Projection of State of the Art Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Up to 2030. Energies. 2017; 10 (9):1314.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gert Berckmans; Maarten Messagie; Jelle Smekens; Noshin Omar; Lieselot Vanhaverbeke; Joeri Van Mierlo. 2017. "Cost Projection of State of the Art Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Up to 2030." Energies 10, no. 9: 1314.