The study investigates the phytochemical profile, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activities of ethanol (ChL-EtOH) and ethyl acetate (ChL-EtOAc) extracts from Chamaenerion latifolium L. (ChL) harvested in Kazakhstan. The ChL-EtOH extract exhibited higher total phenolic (267.48 ± 3.44 mg GAE/g DE) and flavonoid content (24.18 ± 1.06 mg QE/g DE) compared to ChL-EtOAc. HPLC-UV-ESI/MS identified key phenolic acids and flavonoids, including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin 3-glucoside. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups. Antioxidant assays revealed strong DPPH scavenging and FRAP activities, with ChL-EtOH showing superior results (IC₅₀ = 21.31 ± 0.65 μg/mL and 18.13 ± 0.15 μg/mL, respectively). Additionally, ChL-EtOH displayed notable antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as the fungal strain Candida albicans. These findings suggest that ethanol extraction is more efficient for isolating bioactive compounds from ChL, underscoring its potential for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

In the current decade, the use of plant extracts for the green preparation of metal nanoparticles has garnered increasing attention due to their eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. In the current study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using the ethanolic extract of Circaea lutetiana for the first time. Thetotal flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC)of the extract were analyzed by spectrophotometric methods. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was employed to determine the functional groups involved in both the reduction and stabilization processes of AgNPs. The formation and optical properties of AgNPs were confirmed by Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The greenlysynthesized AgNPs were characterized by FT-IR, UV–Vis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analyses, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results confirmed that the AgNPs were spherical in shape with an average size of approximately 3.8 nm and showed a good crystalline nature. Additionally, the AgNPs exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, demonstrating their potential as green antimicrobial agents.

The Chamaenerion genus, particularly Chamaenerion angustifolium and Chamaenerion latifolium, is recognized for its rich phytochemical composition and extensive medicinal properties. These species are abundant in polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to their potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of their phytochemical constituents, with an emphasis on how processing methods, including fermentation, influence bioactivity. Notably, fermentation enhances the levels of key bioactive compounds, such as oenothein B, gallic acid, and ellagic acid, thereby increasing their pharmacological potential. Additionally, this review evaluates the biological activities of Chamaenerion species in relation to their chemical composition, while also considering the limitations of current studies, such as the lack of in vivo or clinical trials. The literature for this review was sourced from scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, covering research from 2010 to 2024. Future studies should focus on optimizing extraction methods, elucidating synergistic bioactivities, and conducting in-depth clinical trials to validate their efficacy and safety.

Background: Chamaenerion latifolium is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Onagraceae family. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the volatile chemical components of the aerial parts of Chamaenerion latifolium growing in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Method: The leaves and stems of Chamaenerion latifolium were extracted with hexane and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The regularisation of peak areas method was used to calculate the concentrations of the sixty-five identified compounds. Conclusion: Among them, the major components are alkanes (leaves 31.339%, stems 48.158%), esters (leaves 10.216%, stems 12.196%), alcohols (leaves 5.483% and stems 5.14%), aldehydes (leaves 3.155%, stems 1.592%), triterpenoids (leaves 2.247% stems 3.785%).

One of the renewable sources of plant material is the plants of the Onagraceae L. family, growing on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The plant Circaea lutetiana L., (bipartite of Paris) of the genus Circaea L., (bipartite) of the family Onagraceae L., (fireweed), which belongs to medicinal, dyeing and food plants, was taken as an object of study. The presence of polyphenolic compounds was detected by paper chromatography in an ascending manner in solvent systems: butanol-acetic acid-water (BAW) (41:5), (40:12.5:29), 2%, 15% acetic acid with specific developers: diazotized sulfanilic acid (DZSA), diazotized para-nitroaniline (DZPNA), ammonia vapors, aluminum chloride (AlCl₃), ferric chloride (FeCl₃), ammonium-iron alum (AIA), vanillin reagent in sulfuric acid. The content of gallic and ferulic acids was determined in the roots and fruits of the plant, and ellagic acid in the leaves and fruits. Flavonoids and tannins of the hydrolyzable type were found in all plant organs, the largest number of them in fruits and the smallest in roots. Using the method of spectrophotometry in all plant organs, the content of flavonoids in terms of State standard sample (SSS) quercetin was determined (roots 0.96%, stems 2.03%, leaves 2.74%, fruits 3.67%), the content of tannins in terms of tannin (roots 0.005%, stems 1.19%, leaves 3.69%, fruits 5.99%).

Circaea lutetiana (Onagraceae) is a perennial medicinal species widely distributed across temperate forest ecosystems of Europe, Asia, and North America. This mini-review integrates current knowledge on the botanical characteristics, ecological distribution, phytochemical composition, and biological properties of Circaea lutetiana, with particular emphasis on its dominant polyphenolic constituents. Available studies demonstrate that the species is rich in flavonoids, phenolic acids, ellagic acid derivatives, and ellagitannins, among which oenothein B represents a characteristic and major constituent. Beyond polyphenols, structurally characterized glycosides, lipophilic metabolites, phytosterols, triterpenoids, fatty acids, tocopherols, and mineral elements contribute to the chemical complexity of the species. The reported biological activities of Circaea lutetiana, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial effects, are discussed in relation to the phytochemical profile of the plant and the biological significance of its major constituents. Recent research in green nanotechnology has additionally highlighted the potential of Circaea lutetiana extracts, particularly in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, where plant metabolites act as reducing and stabilizing agents and may contribute to improved antimicrobial performance.